esfarzeh is a name used for two species of plantago genus, belonging to plantaginaceae family. in the iranian traditional medicine (itm) texts, esfarzeh is called bazreghatuna, and have different therapeutic effects including treatment of hoarseness of chest, pharynx, and tongue warm palpitation constipation caused by bile abdominal cramps gastric and intestinal ulcers arthralgia solid edema an...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is a chronic auto-immune disease. most therapeutic strategies for treatment of this disease direct immune modulation and control of inflammatory processes. first-line therapeutic agents showed moderate efficacy and frequent side-effects with moderate efficacy in trials. their parental administration and limited long-term adherence restrict their efficacy compared with se...

previous, intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) has been used for treatment of patients with immunodeficiency. however, recent studies have shown that ivig is a suitable approach for treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. although the exact mechanism of ivig action is not well known, recent findings have demonstrated that ivig impacts on expression and function of fc receptors of immuno...

pain in icu patients should be managed effectively and safely. fentanyl and paracetamol are used frequently in icu. however experience using iv paracetamol in the setting of critically ill patients is limited. we evaluated the analgesic effect and adverse reactions of intravenous paracetamol compared to fentanyl in icu patients with mild to moderate pain. forty patients in a general icu were ra...

objective: this study sought to explore university of ghana business school diploma student's knowledge of contraceptives, types of contraceptives, attitudes towards contraceptive users, preference for contraceptives, benefits, and side-effects of contraceptives. materials and methods: data was conducted with three sets of focus group discussions. participants were systematically sampled from a...

BACKGROUND Drugs can treat human diseases through chemical interactions between the ingredients and intended targets in the human body. However, the ingredients could unexpectedly interact with off-targets, which may cause adverse drug side effects. Notifying patients and physicians of potential drug effects is an important step in improving healthcare quality and delivery. OBJECTIVE With the...

aims: drug abuse among college students continues as a major public-health concern. theory-driven research is necessary to address and find causes. the current research investigates the utility of theory of planned behavior (tpb) in designing and implementing a drug abuse educational prevention program among medical college students. methods: this quasi-experimental study was conducted among 12...

Learning outcomes On completion of this article you should have: • an understanding of the factors that predispose the elderly to adverse drug reactions • a detailed knowledge of ocular side effects of systemic drugs commonly prescribed to the elderly • a detailed knowledge of the side effects of topical ophthalmic drugs commonly used by elderly patients • an understanding of the importance of ...

depression is a serious disorder in today’s society, with the estimates of lifetime prevalence being as high as 21% of the general population in some developed countries. as defined by the american psychiatric association, depression is a heterogeneous disorder often manifested with symptoms at the psychological, behavioral, and physiological levels. such patients are often reluctant to take sy...