This article provides a comprehensive review of hormesis, a dose-response concept that is characterized by a low-dose stimulation and a high-dose inhibition. The article traces the historical foundations of hormesis, its quantitative features and mechanistic foundations, and its risk assessment implications. The article indicates that the hormetic dose response is the most fundamental dose resp...

The low-dose effect and non-monotonicity hypotheses challenge key concepts in eco-toxicology and risk assessment, and also the possibility to predict the effects of a chemical at low levels of exposure from its effects at higher levels of exposure. Low-dose effects and Non-Monotonic Dose-response Curves (NMDRC) provides situations to understand impacts for toxicological risk assessment paradigm...

Hormesis, a dose-response relationship phenomenon characterized by low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition, has been frequently observed in properly designed studies and is broadly generalizable as being independent of chemical/physical agent, biological model, and endpoint measured. This under-recognized and -appreciated concept has the potential to profoundly change toxicology and its r...

Medical management of radiation emergencies will require quick and reliable biodosimetric tools for assessment absorbed dose. Dicentric chromosomal assay (Gold standard) has a limitation being time intensive, requires specialised human skill cannot be used triage mass screening. Dose assessments suspected individuals are critical the medical emergencies. For effectively utilizing available reso...

Several issues associated with the hazard identification and dose response assessment of trichloroethylene are discussed. These issues include the identification of TCE’s critical effect and overall cancer weight of evidence, the use of the recently harmonized TCE PBPK model for improving extrapolations from experimental animal to humans, an understanding of uncertainty in dose response assessm...

Risk assessments of benzene have been based upon both human and animal studies. In this paper, metabolite information is used to construct an internal dose (a surrogate of the biologically effective dose) for a given administered dose. The relationship between the administered dose and this internal dose is nonlinear and is well described by a Michaelis-Menten function. The administered doses f...

introduction: nowadays ionizing radiation has a considerable contribution in medical diagnostic and treatment. using ionizing radiation is increasing rapidly, so biological effects of ionizing radiation should be considered more. x-rays in the range of diagnostic radiology have hazardous effects and risks that are defined as random effects. these effects obey the lnt hypothesis that occur at lo...