Biomarkers are defined as indicators of biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers have been widely used for early detection, prediction of response after treatment, and for monitoring the progression of diseases. Antibodies represent promising tools for recognition of biomarkers, and are widely deployed as analytical tools...

Background: Dengue is a global arboviral threat to humans; causing 390 million infections per year. The availability of safe and effective tetravalent dengue vaccine is a global requirement to prevent epidemics, morbidity, and mortality associated with it. Methods: Five experimental groups (6 mice per group) each of 5-week-old BALB/c mice were immunized with vaccine and placebo (empty plasmid) ...

Single-domain antibodies are the smallest antigen-binding units of antibodies, consisting either only of one variable domain or one engineered constant domain that solely facilitates target binding. This class of antibody derivatives comprises naturally occurring variable domains derived from camelids and sharks as well as engineered human variable or constant antibody domains of the heavy or l...

conclusions antipospholipid antibodies based on number of abortions and gestational age of abortions were increased. mean antipospholipid and anticardiolipin antibodies in all patients remained in high level just in first 5 years post abortion and then began to fall. results mean age of participants was 24-39 years old. the average rate of antiphospolipid antibodies in patients with normal anti...

The antigen-binding capacity of the paired variable domains of an antibody is well established. The observation that the isolated heavy chains of anti-hapten antibodies retain some antigen-binding capacity in the absence of light chains led to attempts to obtain an even smaller antigen-binding unit in a VH format. Unfortunately, the poor solubility, the reduced affinity for the antigen and the ...

Recent studies have described several broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bN-mAbs) that recognize glycan-dependent epitopes (GDEs) in the HIV-1 envelope protein, gp120. These were recovered from HIV-1 infected subjects, and several (e.g., PG9, PG16, CH01, CH03) target glycans in the first and second variable (V1/V2) domain of gp120. The V1/V2 domain is thought to play an important role ...

Background: DNA immunization is an appropriate method to produce an immunological response. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces exotoxin A which is highly cytotoxic for eukaryotic cells. Since domains II (translocation domain) and 1b of the toxin have antigenic qualities, so they could be  useful candidates to protect against pseudomonas infections. Objectives: To evaluate if recombinant plasmid co...

The type IV pili (T4P) is a major virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) that is associated with primary adhesion, biofilm formation and twitching motility. This study focuses on the introduction of a novel biologically active subunit vaccine derived from the disulfide loop (DSL) of P. aeruginosa pilin. We investigated the expression of the novel PilA in-frame with pET26a ve...