The known archaeal family B DNA polymerases are unable to participate in the PCR in the presence of uracil. Here, we report on a novel archaeal family B DNA polymerase from Nanoarchaeum equitans that can successfully utilize deaminated bases such as uracil and hypoxanthine and on its application to PCR. N. equitans family B DNA polymerase (Neq DNA polymerase) produced lambda DNA fragments up to...

Deoxyinosine occurs in DNA by spontaneous deamination of adenine or by incorporation of dITP during replication. Hypoxanthine residues (HX) are mutagenic and give rise to A-T-->G-C transition. They are substrates for the Escherichia coli product of the alkA gene, the 3-methyl-adenine-DNA glycosylase II (ALK A protein). In mammalian cells and in yeast, HX is excised by the counterpart of ALK A p...

Lemaire and Muller-Hill recently reported the nucleotide sequence of the gal T gene of Escherichia coli and deduced the amino acid sequence of galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12) (1). We determined the nucleotide sequence of this gene by application of the Sanger dideoxy method to EcoRV, Sau3A, RsaI and PvuII restriction fragments. Approximately 80% of the sequence was deter...

Endonuclease V, encoded by the nfi gene, initiates removal of the base analogs hypoxanthine and xanthine from DNA, acting to prevent mutagenesis from purine base deamination within the DNA. On the other hand, the RdgB nucleotide hydrolase in Escherichia coli is proposed to prevent hypoxanthine and xanthine incorporation into DNA by intercepting the noncanonical DNA precursors dITP and dXTP. Bec...

muscle groups. Recently, high resolution ultrasound scanning has been used to assess diaBackground – There is little information on the morphometric characteristics of phragm thickness during tidal breathing and during relaxation in normal subjects. 6 Using the diaphragm in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. B mode ultrasonography we have imaged the costal portion of the diaphragm both ...

BACKGROUND Inosine triphosphate (ITP) pyrophosphohydrolase (ITPA) catalyzes the pyrophosphohydrolysis of ITP/dITP and xanthosine triphosphate to prevent incorporation of unusual nucleotides into RNA and DNA. Important mutations leading to enzyme deficiency are 94C>A and IVS2 + 21A>C. An association between ITPA 94C>A and adverse reactions during azathioprine treatment has been shown. To investi...

BACKGROUND Inosine triphosphatase (ITPase) is encoded by the polymorphic gene ITPA and maintains low intracellular levels of the inosine nucleotides ITP and dITP. The most frequently reported polymorphisms are ITPA c.94C>A (rs 1127354) and ITPA c. 124+21 A>C (rs7270101). Some nucleoside-analogues used in the treatment of HIV-seropositive (HIV+) patients are potential substrates for ITPase. Ther...

The proteins coded by bacteriophate T4 replication genes 32, 41, 43, 44, 45, 61, and 62 together can replicate phi X174 DNA templates very efficiently. The fidelity of this in vitro replication reaction has been measured using an infectivity assay. The product molecules have the same specific infectivity as the template DNA. When an amber mutant DNA template is used, no increase in the frequenc...

BACKGROUND Multiplexed detection of low-level mutations presents a technical challenge for many technologies, including cancer gene panels used for targeted-resequencing. Analysis of mutations below approximately 2%-5% abundance in tumors with heterogeneity, samples with stromal contamination, or biofluids is problematic owing to increased noise from sequencing errors. Technologies that reduce ...