Each sensor node in wireless network comprises of different processing ability with multipath energy sources, resulting in traffic while performing routing. Control of traffic through multipath routing in sensor network poses a serious challenge during packet transfer due to different characteristics of sensor nodes like beam, temperature and seismic sensors minimizing the desired throughput. I...

How are humans' subjective judgments of contingencies related to objective contingencies? Work in social psychology and human contingency learning predicts that the greater the frequency of desired outcomes, the greater people's judgments of contingency will be. Second, the learned helplessness theory of depression provides both a strong and a weak prediction concerning the linkage between subj...

This study investigates differential neural activation patterns in response to reward-related feedback depending on various reward contingencies. Three types of reward contingencies were compared: a "gain" contingency (a monetary reward for correct answer/no monetary penalty for incorrect answer); a "lose" contingency (no monetary reward for correct answer/a monetary penalty for incorrect answe...

In this paper, the new approach for the transmission reliability cost allocation (TRCA) problem is proposed. In the conventional TRCA problem, for calculating the contribution of each user (generators & loads or contracts) in the reliability margin of each transmission line, the outage analysis is performed for all system contingencies. It is obvious that this analysis is very time-consuming fo...

Contingency analysis (CA) is a well-known function in power system planning and operation. In accordance with CA results, the operator dispenses information regarding static security of (overloads and/or voltage outside tolerable limits). However, classic remedial action schemes cannot distinguish safe operating regimes from potentially dangerous ones terms (in)stability. fact, instability cons...