We examine whether a high wage–high employee intrapreneurial inputs model remains significant feature of the Russian economy. do so by estimating evolution ‘intrapreneurial’ contributions to companies in Russia, 1994–2015, using Akerlof's theory ‘partial gift exchange’. Akerlof (1982) suggests that discretionary organizational capacities rise when pay exceeds perceptions ‘fair’ comparable emplo...

A simple dynamic farm model is developed and used to analyse the net worth of a family farm grazing enterprise producing wool on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, under alternative assumptions regarding family expenses and investments in fertilizer. The linkage between family costs and expenditure on fertilizer is explored over a 25-year period highlighting the feed-back e€...

We investigate whether the positive associations between discretionary accrual proxies and beating earnings benchmarks hold for comparisons of groups segregated at other points in the distributions of earnings, earnings changes, and analystsbased unexpected earnings. We refer to these points as ‘‘pseudo’’ targets. Results suggest that the positive association between discretionary accruals and ...

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric mathematical programming methodology used to not only evaluate the relative efficiencies of comparable decision making units (DMUs) with multiple inputs and outputs, but also provide efficiency targets for the DMUs. For a visualization of this method, see Figure 1. Since the incept of Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (1978), DEA has gained increasin...

This study examines whether firms just above and just below three earnings benchmarks (loss avoidance, earnings changes, and analyst forecast) have differing levels of discretionary accruals. If discretionary accruals are a measure of earnings management, then firms above (benchmark beaters) and firms below a benchmark should have differing levels of discretionary accruals. Dechow et al. (2003)...

abstract present study used translog cost function for determining break point of paddy farms. requested data set include inputs’ prices and quantities, and production amounts had been acquired from 500 rice farmers of guilan province at 2009. model used in this study is seemingly unrelated regressions (sur). the results showed that labor and pesticides had the highest and lowest share of produ...

OBJECTIVE To rank 39 surgical procedures in order of variation of inpatient surgical rates, according to a new index of variation and to test the hypothesis that there is greater variation for primarily discretionary operations than for primarily non-discretionary operations. DESIGN A population-based retrospective cohort study. SETTING Nine provinces (99.19% of Canada's population). PART...

A decade ago in a paper, “Reassessing Discretionary Fiscal Policy,” published in the Journal of Economic Perspectives, I concluded that “in the current context of the US economy, it seems best to let fiscal policy have its main countercyclical impact through the automatic stabilizers ... It would be appropriate in the current circumstances for discretionary fiscal policy to be saved explicitly ...