A population of Escherichia coli initiated with a single clone developed extensive morphological and physiological polymorphism after being maintained for 773 generations in glucose-limited continuous culture. To understand the mechanisms of adaptation to this environment, total protein patterns of four adaptive clones and of the parent strains were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophores...

We developed maximum clique-based algorithms for spot matching for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis images, protein structure alignment and protein side-chain packing, where these problems are known to be NP-hard. Algorithms based on direct reductions to the maximum clique can find optimal solutions for instances of size (the number of points or residues) up to 50-150 using a standard PC. We...

Web-based collaboration is becoming increasingly common. Often such collaboration exhibits emergent characteristics, for which systems based on a notion of workspaces provide suitable support. Virtual teams collaborating in this manner create virtual organizational structures, the capture and retention of which into organizational memory promises to be of benefit, as it can facilitate reuse. Vi...

The phosphorylation state of vaccinia virus (VV) protein H5R synthesized in infected cells was investigated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Most of the H5R protein was underphosphorylated (pI 5.9 to 6.8) and, on centrifugation of cell lysates, was associated with virosomes sedimenting with nuclei. However, about a quarter of the H5R protein synthesized was highly phosphorylated (pI 5.5)...

Short base-paired RNA fragments, and fragments containing intra-RNA cross-links, were isolated from E. coli 23S rRNA or 50S ribosomal subunits by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The interactions thus found were used as a first basis for constructing a secondary structure model of the 23S rRNA. Sequence comparison with the 23S rDNA from Z. mays chloroplasts, as well as with the 16S (large s...

Many algorithms for graph layout have been devised over the last 30 years spanning both the graph drawing and information visualisation communities. This article first reviews the advances made in the field of graph drawing that have then often been applied by the information visualisation community. There then follows a discussion of a range of techniques developed specifically for graph visua...

A circulating anticoagulant against factor VIII activity was demonstrated in the plasma of a boy from a family with both factor VIII deficiency and prolonged bleeding time. However, the factor VIII-related antigen, ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation activity, platelet retention in glass bead columns, platelet aggregation with adenosine 5'-diphosphate, collagen and epinephrine, and clot ret...

The template activities of protein-free SV40 DNA and SV40 minichromosomes for DNA re-replication are compared in in vitro replication assays. Density substitution experiments and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis show that protein-free DNA can replicate for at least two cycles whereas salt-treated minichromosomes replicate only once. Re-replication of minichromosomes is blocked at the stage o...

We describe two versions of a two-dimensional immunoelectrophoretic system and illustrate their use for separating and estimating human serum proteins. Each is sensitive, rapid, and simple to perform, and requires no special apparatus and only 0.1-0.6 ml of antiserum. Both procedures appear to be potentially useful in the clinical laboratory. Time required to obtain a stained pattern varies fro...

Jejunal biopsies from 15 Greenlandic and three Danish patients with adult type hypolactasia and nine Greenlandic and 15 Danish patients with normal lactase activity were analysed quantitatively for lactase protein by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. A constant correlation between the amount of lactase activity and immunologically reactive lactase protein was demonstrated irrespective of the lacta...