Abstract Collaborative writing has been traditionally studied in terms of language-related episodes (LREs), which have shown to be influenced by learner proficiency. Yet, the impact collaboration on written product received less attention, especially regarding child EFL learners. Our study analyzes individual reconstructions produced 30 Spanish-Basque children (aged 11–12) before and after (T1 ...

this paper examines the theoretical rationales and practical aspects of task-based language teaching (tblt) with particular reference to research findings in efl/esl contexts. the definitional scope of the term ‘task’, polarizations in terms of task vs. non-task, and its relation to different language teaching approaches have engendered conceptual and methodological ambiguities.  moreover, fact...

Listening comprehension plays the most crucial role in building communication skills. However, students always think it is challenging to listening lessons. And reason that sometimes they are bored and not interested material. In addition, inappropriate methods techniques may cause lack interest motivation learn. The author conducting research with dictogloss technique overcome difficulties fac...