background: intraoral radiographies are the most frequent x-ray examinations in humans. according to international commission on radiation protection (icrp) recommendations, the selection of a diagnostic reference level (drl) should be specific to a country or region. critica l organs such as thyroid gland are exposed to x-rays in intraoral radiography and these exposures should be kept as low ...

Background: Intraoral radiographies are the most frequent X-ray examinations in humans. According to International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) recommendations, the selection of a diagnostic reference level (DRL) should be specific to a country or region. Critica l organs such as thyroid gland are exposed to X-rays in intraoral radiography and these exposures should be kept as low ...

the output of x-ray, especially in the field of required energy for diagnosing the disease is very low (in diagnosing lamps, it is less than 1%). in this kind of lamps the rest of the electrical energy is transformed to heat. this considerable amount of heat induces a myriad of too many limitations in choosing higher levels of radiation, particularly in specialized techniques. this process is t...

BACKGROUND A project was implemented in 2010 to improve TB notification and TB screening and diagnostic routines in large general hospitals. The aims of present study was to assess baseline TB screening and diagnostic practices in the three largest general hospitals in Vietnam. OBJECTIVES To assess baseline TB screening and diagnostic practices in the three largest general hospitals in Vietna...

Introduction Lead-based shields are the most widely used attenuators in X-ray and gamma ray fields. The heavy weight, toxicity and corrosion of lead have led researchers towards the development of non-lead shields. Materials and Methods The purpose of this study was to design multi-layered shields for protection against X-rays and gamma rays in diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine. In this...

background: in diagnostic radiology there are two reasons for measuring or estimating radiation doses to patients. firstly measurements provide a means for setting and checking standards of good practice as an aid to the optimization of patient protection. secondly estimates of the absorbed dose to tissue and organs in the patients. materials and methods: a total of 2382 patients were studied t...

The potential to use x-ray transition radiation (XTR) as a beam diagnostic and coherent XTR (CXTR) as a gain diagnostic in an x-ray FEL was proposed previously. At that time we noted that the unique configuration of the SLAC Sub-picosecond Photon Source (SPPS) with its known x-ray wiggler source, a special three-element x-ray monochromator, x-ray transport line, and experimental end station wit...

I summarize X-ray diagnostic studies of cosmic star formation in terms of evolutionary schemes for X-ray binary evolution in normal galaxies with evolving star formation. Deep X-ray imaging studies by Chandra andXMMNewton are beginning to constrain both the X-ray luminosity evolution of galaxies and the logN–logS diagnostics of the X-ray background: I discuss these in the above context, summari...