Many states, or rather their leaders and officials, routinely violate the fundamental human rights of both their compatriots or outsiders. Faced with this depressing catalogue of abuses, the international community’s response of choice consists in imposing economic sanctions on wrongdoers. The relatively scant philosophical literature on the topic tackles primary sanctions where the sanctioning...

Economic sanctions have the reputation of harming the population in the sanctioned countries. In this paper, I investigate under what circumstances such harm occurs and what is its magnitude. I estimate the impact of in utero exposure to sanctions episodes on infant weight, child height, and child mortality. Using a large child level data set from 69 countries, I …nd that being exposed to sanct...

sanctions as a tool to pressure and coercion in promotion of foreign policy goals in mind and its literature has been introduced as one of the most arguable and non-definitive literature on international relations. according to the available space on domestic and international sanctions against iran, this study has tried some of these new approaches and perspectives in relation to the efficienc...

Acommon thread in the economic sanctions literature is the assumption that multilateral cooperation among the potential sanctioning states is a necessary and/or sufficient condition for generating a successful outcome.1 Indeed, obtaining multilateral cooperation is so important that some scholars make this their dependent variable. Some of the more sophisticated work on economic coercion has fo...

complete and non-defecting delivery of construction is one of the important obligations of construction contracts. however, unlike in most of the consuming products, the troubleshooting of construction needs passages of time, since hidden defects appear through time and usages of consumer. although after the delivery of construction the claim of consumer is not admissible, in hidden defects it ...

The United States has long leveraged economic sanctions as powerful instruments to achieve foreign policy objectives [1]. Economic sanctions have been described as a “cheaper form of coercion, less aggressive than war with fewer human costs, and more politically feasible” [1]. Sanctions may be implemented as tariffs on imported goods, quotas on how much can be imported or exported, embargoes th...