Locomotion emerges from effective interactions of an individual with its environment. Principles of biological terrestrial locomotion have been discovered on unconfined vertical and horizontal substrates. However, a diversity of organisms construct, inhabit, and move within confined spaces. Such animals are faced with locomotor challenges including limited limb range of motion, crowding, and vi...

Leaf-cutting ant queens excavate a founding nest consisting of a vertical tunnel and a final horizontal chamber. Nest foundation is very time consuming, and colony success depends on the excavated depth. Although shallow nests may be energetically cheaper to dig, queens may be more exposed to the changing environment. Deeper chambers, in contrast, may be climatically more stable, but are more e...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the tunnel enlargement phenomenon after ACL reconstructions performed with hamstrings tendons fixed using the cross pin technique. Sixty-two knees in 62 patients were followed for two years to evaluate the possible clinical implications of the femoral and tibial tunnel enlargements noted after ACL reconstruction. The reconstructions were done with hamstring...

The 10.6 km long Sabzkuh water conveyance tunnel is currently under construction in High Zagros structural zone, located in western Iran, has used conventional (in section T1) and mechanized (in section T2) methods. The section T1 of the tunnel driven through alluvial geological units with great complexity in an area high potential for sliding and water-bearing fault which has made the excavati...

We introduce a tunnel lock that can be exploited to divide, delay and alter the direction of traveling clouds of cold atoms. This versatile free-space element is implemented by crossing two atom tunnels formed by low intensity, blue-detuned dark-hollow (Bessel mode) laser beams. We show that clouds of cold Rb atoms initially moving within one tunnel can be transferred to the other by gating the...

Multi-Point to Multi-Point Traffic Engineering (MP2MP-TE) leads to an important scalability in Multi Protocol Label Switching-Traffic Engineering (MPLS-TE) networks. This paper emphasizes on the support of Fast-reroute (FRR) in MPLS-TE networks by using MP2MP bypass TE-tunnels. Hence, one MP2MP bypass TE-tunnel can be used to protect several primary TE-tunnels. During failure, the primary TE-tu...

the hydraulic pressure is one of the most important factors in the design of pressure intake tunnels. since the surrounding media cannot usually resist the high internal pressure of these tunnels, they are usually finished with an adequate lining mostly of reinforced concrete, which is an interaction problem between water, soil or rock and concrete lining. although reinforcing the concrete lini...

There are many mountains in the longitudinal center of Taiwan, which slow down transportation between the west and east in Taiwan. In order to solve this problem, Taiwan’s government decided to build a highway and an expressway between these two areas, which would include tunnels as part of the project because tunnels are more dangerous than the open road, how to safely enter, pass and leave tu...