We consider the design of a contest in which prize may motivate not only productive efforts, but also some damaging aggressive behavior by contestants. The organizer must choose prizes and an enforcement regime defined as limit on how much aggressiveness will be tolerated probability inspection. When value contestants’ output is low, it optimal to less effort than first best because spread nece...

The lymphoid system normally mounts damaging responses to infectious pathogens while avoiding equally damaging responses to self. A notable number of antibodies to self antigens are formed but normally remain at levels below the damaging threshold, only temporarily rising to damaging levels during protective responses against infectious nonself. Many mechanisms regulate the level of autoantibod...

Shape optimisation is utilised to generate damage resistant structures. By means of a variational approach, the analytical gradients for an elasto-plastic material model with regularised properties are derived. Due complexity underlying model, application approach requires additional handling history field. The then used Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) which applied shape and thus genera...