The adaptation of Salmonella enterica to the eukaryotic host is a key process that enables the bacterium to survive in a hostile environment. Salmonella have evolved an intimate relationship with its host that extends to their cellular and molecular levels. Colonization, invasion, and replication of the bacteria in an appropriate host suggest that modification of host functions is central to pa...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The lack of studies assessing the simultaneous expression of tolerance and resistance traits during seedling development and overall seedling defences as compared with adult plants, in general, constitutes a significant research need that can greatly improve our understanding of overall investment in defences during plant ontogeny. METHODS Using two seedling and two juveni...

Commercial transport aircraft are required to operate under the concept of damage tolerance. Because of the structural redundancy and the crack arrest capability, the current fleet of commercial aircraft was initially designed to have sufficient residual strength to sustain discrete source damage. However, fatigue damage during the life of an aircraft can significantly reduce the residual stren...

W hen facing a problem, we would ideally like to be able to eliminate its source. If that is not feasible, we focus our efforts on damage control, by attempting to minimize the consequences of the problem at hand. Likewise, host defense from infections can employ two distinct strategies of protection: one aims to reduce or eliminate the invading pathogen, whereas the other reduces the damage to...

Too often crop production is facing with different intensity of cold damage. In some years the damage is severe and has a large social and economic consequence. Therefore, selection and introduction of cold tolerant cultivars is very effective in reducing cold damage and increasing crop production. Frequently, in winter safflower yield trails in Isfahan province, depending on the intensity of w...

Background & Objective: Accurate and timely reporting of critical values is an important issue. There is some doubt whether repeat testing of critical values would offer any advantage over single testing or not. The aim of this study was evaluation of utility of routine repeat testing of critical values in our referral center and to compare probable variations in different work...