Genetic diversity in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules is thought to have arisen from the co-evolution between host and pathogen and maintained by balancing selection. Heterozygote advantage is a common proposed scenario for maintaining high levels of diversity in HLA genes, and extending from this, the divergent allele advantage (DAA) model suggests that individuals with more divergent H...

The direct anterior approach (DAA) to total hip arthroplasty has been promoted as a minimally invasive alternative to the lateral approach, which we sought to verify by systematically reviewing and meta-analyzing the literature comparing clinical, radiographic, and surgical outcomes. Two reviewers independently searched PubMed, OVID, and Web of Science databases for randomized controlled trials...

The extracellular domain of the complement receptor type 1 (CR1; CD35) consists entirely of 30 complement control protein repeats (CCPs). CR1 has two distinct functional sites, site 1 (CCPs 1-3) and two copies of site 2 (CCPs 8-10 and CCPs 15-17). In this report we further define the structural requirements for decay-accelerating activity (DAA) for the classical pathway (CP) C3 and C5 convertas...

Tracheal stenosis in association with the double aortic arch (DAA) is uncommon; however, it carries a high risk of morbidity, mortality, and restenosis. Although surgery is the mainstay of managing a case of the DAA with tracheal stenosis, management of tracheal restenosis requires a multidisciplinary approach. In this case report, we present our successful experience in managing a child of DAA...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clincal value of multi-slice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) in the diagnosis of double aortic arch (DAA) and analyze the associated angiography and 3D reconstruction imaging to increase the accuracy of DAA diagnosis. Clinical and imaging data from 15 patients diagnosed with DAA by MSCT were summarized and compared with the corresponding surgical obse...

Aim: The development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is reduced after interferon based treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). A new therapy using direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) has been widely applied since 2014 for CHC. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy, safety and development of HCC after DAA treatment. Methods: The authors enrolled 33 consecutive...

BACKGROUND At many academic institutions, anesthesiology residents are responsible for managing emergent intubations outside of the operating room (OOOR), with complications estimated to be as high as 39%. In order to create an OOOR training curriculum, we evaluated residents' familiarity with the content and correct adherence to the American Society of Anesthesiologists' Difficult Airway Algor...

Inherently a discovery-based pedagogy, Disassemble/Analyze/Assemble (DAA) activities start with the artefact, an instance of a typically well-engineered solution. Through systemized disassembly and the subsequent analysis of components, students engage in an iterative process of observation and follow-up probing. In-turn, this process helps students understand the function of the artefact’s com...

OBJECTIVES The degradation of tryptophan by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase yields a number of immunomodulatory metabolites, including 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenic acid and quinolinic acid. N-(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamonyl) anthranilic acid (3,4-DAA) is a synthetic anthranilic acid derivative that has been used therapeutically in Japan for many years as an anti-allergic drug and has re...

The Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) community in the United States has identified the need for a “collision avoidance region” in which UAS Detect-and-Avoid (DAA) vertical guidance is restricted to preclude interoperability issues with manned aircraft collision avoidance system vertical resolution advisories (RAs). This paper documents the process by which the collision avoidance region was defi...