Introduction: Spreading depression (SD) is a propagating wave of depolarization followed by depression of the neuroglial activities and can modulate extracellular dopamine concentrations in the neocortex. It has been shown that the dopaminergic system plays a role in migraine. SD has been suggested as a critical phenomenon in the pathophysiology of migraine. The aim of this study was to investi...

Potential cellular substrates for functions ascribed to the dopamine D2 receptor were examined in rat brain using immunoperoxidase for localization of a D2 receptor peptide and immunogold staining for the catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Specificity of the rat polyclonal antiserum, raised against a 15 amino acid fragment from the third intracellular loop of the D2 re...

previous studies have shown that ascorbic acid (aa) plays a crucial role in mammalian brain as avitamin and neuronal modulator. there is increasing evidence indicating that dopaminergic system and aacould affect learning and memory processes. in addition, vitamin c acts as a dopamine antagonist in thebrain. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the intra-hippocampal co-administration of ...

Abstract Background Entecavir (ENT) is an antiretroviral agent prescribed for the treatment of hepatitis B virus(HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV). Objective Development validation three simple, sensitive, selective, precise methods determination ENT in presence its oxidative degradation product (ENT deg.). Method The first method was based on second derivative (D2) spectrophotometry t...

We consider the flat supersymmetric D2 and anti-D2 system, which follows from ordinary noncommutative D2 anti-D2 branes by turning on an appropriate worldvolume electric field describing dissolved fundamental strings. We study the strings stretched between D2 and anti-D2 branes and show explicitly that the would-be tachyonic states become massless. We compute the string spectrum and clarify the...

Cyclin D2 is a member of the D-type cyclins, implicated in cell cycle regulation, differentiation, and malignant transformation. It was noted previously that cyclin D2 is not expressed in the majority of breast cancer cell lines, whereas abundant expression was detected in finite life span human mammary epithelial cells. By reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot analysis, we extended this f...

Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) provide the principal output for the dorsal striatum. Those that express dopamine D2 receptors (D2+) project to the globus pallidus external and are thought to inhibit movement, whereas those that express dopamine D1 receptors (D1+) project to the substantia nigra pars reticulata and are thought to facilitate movement. Whole-cell and outside-out patch recordings in s...

PURPOSE Distant metastasis and recurrence are major prognostic factors associated with breast cancer. Both lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and blood vessel invasion (BVI) are important routes for metastasis to regional lymph nodes and for systemic metastasis. Despite the importance of vascular invasion as a prognostic factor, application of vascular invasion as a histopathological criterion is co...