Background: The role of embryo transfer (ET) in the success of in vitro fertilization/intra cytoplasmic sperm injection treatment is not well understood. In the present study we classified ET technique as difficult and easy types according to certain strict criteria, and compared the pregnancy outcome of the two ET types. Methods: This study was performed retrospectively on 295 infertile patien...

Quantitative control of mitochondria transfer between live cells is a promising approach for genetic manipulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) because single mitochondrion transfer to a mtDNA-less (ρ0) cell potentially leads to homoplasmy of mtDNA. In this paper, we describe a method for quantitative control of mitochondria transfer between live single cells. For this purpose, we fabricated nov...

A role for cytoplasmic determinants in the early development of several organisms has been suggested by results from a variety of studies. Ideally, a demonstration of the existence of determinants requires their transfer between regions of an embryo, but this has been achieved only rarely (see chapters by Nusslein-Volhard and Jackie, this volume). In many cases, the existence of cytoplasmic det...

The mitochondria of yeast,1 Neurospora,2 and Tetrahymena3 have been shown to contain transfer RNA (tRNA). Barnett et al.4 have found, in addition, that Neurospora mitochondria contain 15 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, at least three of which acylate only mitochondrial tRNA. The purpose of this communication is twofold. First we will present evidence showing that, as with eukaryotic microbial syste...

background: mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. infection with this bacterium is known to induce the development of autoantibodies of which a few are also known to be diagnostic markers for some other diseases. antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (anca's) are among those autoantibodies used in clinical setting for diagnosing systemic vasculit...

The cytoplasmic membrane protein DsbD keeps the periplasmic disulfide isomerase DsbC reduced, using the cytoplasmic reducing power of thioredoxin. DsbD contains three domains, each containing two reactive cysteines. One membrane-embedded domain, DsbDbeta, transfers electrons from thioredoxin to the carboxy-terminal thioredoxin-like periplasmic domain DsbDgamma. To evaluate the role of conserved...

  Effect of Cervical Mucus Aspiration with Insulin Syringe on Pregnancy Rate in ART Cycles     A. Aflatoonian MD1*, M. Asgharnia MD 2, N.Tabibnejad GP3     1- Associated Professor, Dept. of Gynecology, University of Medical Sciences and Research and Clinical Center of Infertility, Yazd, Iran   2- Assistant Professor, Dept. of Gynecology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran   3- G...

Dendritic cells (DCs) capture and internalize human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 through C-type lectins, including DC-SIGN. These cells mediate efficient infection of T cells by concentrating the delivery of virus through the infectious synapse, a process dependent on the cytoplasmic domain of DC-SIGN. Here, we identify a cellular protein that binds specifically to the cytoplasmic region of D...

Plastids are the organelles derived from a cyanobacterium through endosymbiosis. Unlike mitochondria, plastids are not found in all eukaryotes, but their evolution has an added layer of complexity since plastids have moved between eukaryotic lineages by secondary and tertiary endosymbiotic events. This complex history, together with the genetic integration between plastids and their host, has l...

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a technique used for the study of functional interactions between molecules. The intimate vicinity between two fluorescent molecules (FRET-pair; donor and acceptor) allows for an energy transfer, which can be directly calculated as the so called FRET efficiency. This technique is used in fixed as well as living cells. Here we show first, measured...