BACKGROUND Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenia, and progressive multiple-organ failure. HLH in adults is often secondary to autoimmune diseases, cancer, or infections in contrast to familial HLH. Treatment of secondary HLH is directed against the triggering disease in addition to immunosuppressive therapy, t...

Bone marrow necrosis (BMN) is a rare clinicopathologic entity caused by hypoxemia after failure of the microcirculation, which frequently manifests with bone pain, fever, and peripheral cytopenia. In most reported cases of BMN resulting from miliary tuberculosis (TB), the presence of marrow granulomas, pulmonary infiltrates and/or extrapulmonary involvement is common. We report a female patient...

Primary myelofibrosis is a clonal haematopoietic stem cell disease, characterised by marrow stromal fibrosis, extramedullary haematopoiesis, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and progressive cytopenia. Therapeutic options once cytopenia has developed are limited to supportive care, such as erythrocyte transfusions and growth factors. The aetiology has become more clear, especially since JAK-2 mutation...

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is frequently associated with immune disturbances. The relationship between chronic lymphocytic leukemia and autoimmune cytopenias, particularly autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia, is well established. The responsible mechanisms, particularly the role of leukemic cells in orchestrating the production of polyclonal autoantibodies, are increasingl...

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT) is a curative treatment option for both malignant and some benign hematological diseases. During the last decade, many of the newer high-dose regimens in different intensity have been developed specifically for patients with hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Today there are three main approaches used prior to allogeneic tra...

The morphologic dysplasia manifested in any lineage(s) frequently does not correlate with the specific cytopenia(s) in individual MDS cases. For this reason, WHO revision for adult MDS classification in 2016 removes terms such as “refractory anemia” and “refractory cytopenia” and replaces them with “myelodysplastic syndrome” followed by the appropriate modifiers: single vs multilineage dysplasi...