The measurement of T cell responses in chickens, not only for quantitative aspects but also for the qualitative nature of the responses, becomes increasingly important. However, there are very few assays available to measure T cell function. Therefore, we have developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay (ELISPOT) and an intracellular cytokine staining (ICCS) assay. ELISPOT assay for the de...

Cytokines secreted by cells of the immune system can alter the behavior and properties of immune or other cells. At a site of inflammation, sets of cytokines interact with immune cells, and their combined effect is often more important than the function of one isolated component. Conventional techniques, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, generally require large quantities of cells to ...

BACKGROUND Use of protein array technology over conventional assay methods has advantages that include simultaneous detection of multiple analytes, reduction in sample and reagent volumes, and high output of test results. The susceptibility of ligands to denaturation, however, has impeded production of a stable, reproducible biochip platform, limiting most array assays to manual or, at most, se...

about 25-50% of graves' disease (gd) patients develop thyroid eye diseases, which is associated with inflammatory process and abnormalities in the levels of several cytokines in orbital tissues in gd.  the aim of this study was to determine the th1 and th2 serum cytokines in patients with gd with or without ophthalmopathy. serum  levels of  cytokines  and  autoantibodies  including interferon-g...

In this perspective article, we suggest that bacterial quorum-sensing signal molecules (QSSMs) be systematically screened and evaluated for their ability to exert anti-inflammatory activity in the context of COVID-19-associated cytokine storms other hyper-inflammatory conditions. Rapid relevant vitro screening these compounds (natural or synthetic) can accomplished by a careful choice assay sys...

BACKGROUND Cytokine-induced killer cells are ex vivo-expanded cells with potent antitumor activity. The infusion of cytokine-induced killer cells in patients with acute myeloid leukemia relapsing after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant is well tolerated, but limited clinical responses have been observed. To improve their effector functions against acute myeloid leukemia, we genetica...

BACKGROUND Multiplex immunoassays offer many advantages over singleplex assays for the analysis of multiple analytes in a single sample. We sought to validate a specific multiplex cytokine immunoassay (Human 9-plex cytokine array on the Searchlight® platform by Thermoscientific) prior to use in a large clinical study. METHODS We compared spike and recovery of recombinant proteins on the Searc...

Manuscripts presenting cytokine (and other protein) concentrations in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) are commonly published with insufficient control experiments performed to provide confidence that the assay was accurate. Our laboratory has identified false positives in EBC with several forms of immunoassay, including ELISA and multiplex bead arrays. In this current brief investigation, we st...

1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Validating assays for use as surrogate to protective or therapeutic immunity 4. Laboratory issues in improving accuracy and precision 5. Common immunologic monitoring techniques 5.1. T cell proliferation 5.2. Cytolytic T cell assay 5.3. Enzyme linked immunosorbent spot (ELIspot) assay 5.4. Cytokine flow cytometry 5.5. Tetramers 6. Emerging techniques and concepts ...

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of Pycnogenol (Pyc) on survival and immune dysfunction of C57BL/6 mice induced by low micronutrient supplementation. MATERIALS/METHODS Female C57/BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing 7.5% of the recommended amount of micronutrients for a period of 12 wks (immunological assay) and 18 wks (survival test). For immunological assay, lymphocyte proli...