History: Colleen, a 34 year old white female, presented for treatment of severe breast pain, known as mastalgia, of five years duration. The pain was cyclical (menstrually related), however, she had some tenderness throughout the entire month. Colleen described multiple lumps in each breast, and about two years prior had a large lump drained. It was at that time that her gynecologist termed her...

BACKGROUND As the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnoses in Saudi Arabia has recently increased due to better diagnostic techniques, the incidence of diagnosed HCC metastasis has also increased. Here, we report a case of HCC metastasis to the rib with an initially atypical presentation of mastalgia caused by extrahepatic metastasis. CASE PRESENTATION A 31-year-old woman with a ...

A palpable mass, mastalgia, and nipple discharge are common breast symptoms for which patients seek medical attention. Patients should be evaluated initially with a detailed clinical history and physical examination. Most women presenting with a breast mass will require imaging and further workup to exclude cancer. Diagnostic mammography is usually the imaging study of choice, but ultrasonograp...

OBJECTIVES Breast pain is a common but worrisome symptom, which can cause a significant psychological burden of cancer stress. It is not known whether breast cancer risk estimation models can be used as an adjunct to the clinical and radiological assessment in counseling women with mastalgia. The aim of our study was to compare the estimated breast cancer risk and screening outcomes between pat...

Cyclic mastalgia of varying intensity occurs every month in at least 70% women, persistent pain the mammary glands moderate and severe degree is occur about 50% patients with benign mastopathy. The cause mastodynia morphofunctional rearrangement glandular stromal components tissues expansion ducts proliferation epithelial structures due to a lack progesterone an increase prolactin levels. Thera...

Objective: To determine frequency of different breast disorders in female patients varying age groups presenting to HBS Hospital Islamabad. Study design: A prospective descriptive study Place and duration: This was conducted department General Surgery from 1st May 2019 31 Dec 2021. Methodology: All surgical OPD indoor 2021 for diseases with no limitation were included the study. Data as at pres...

T he cyclical banks have different behavior than other banks. The structure of the balance sheet in cyclical banks is different from anti-cyclical banks. The cyclical banks have a relationship between leverage growth and asset growth while the other banks have no relationship between asset growth and leverage growth in the banking system. This relationship depends on the structure of...