Monofluoroalkenes are fluorinated motifs that can be used to replace amide bonds. In order to be incorporated into peptides, it is normally necessary to first synthesize a dipeptide where the amide bond has been replaced with a monofluoroalkene. In that context, this review will present the racemic and enantioselective synthesis of monofluoroalkene-based dipeptide isosteres described since 2007...

The present study aims to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activities of several isophosphinoline-2-oxides that can be perceived as combined bio isosteres coumarins and flavonoids. More specifically, activity was evaluated against four bacterial strains, including Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus Enterococcus faecalis by us...

Chalcone-derived pyrimidine is a well-known heterocyclic compound that commonly present in ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic (DNA) bio-isosteres. Pyrimidine derivatives are effective both the electronic industry drug industries. This review highlights synthesis of pyrimidines, namely mono-pyrimidine, bis-pyrimidine, fused pyrimidine, symmetric, asymmetric via one-pot two-pot methods. ...

In a new variation on the Fischer indole synthesis, readily available haloarenes are converted into a wide range of indoles in just two steps by halogen-magnesium exchange and quenching with di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate, followed by reaction with aldehydes or ketones under acidic conditions. The protocol, which is readily extended to the preparation of indole isosteres, 4- and 6-azaindoles an...

Since the discovery of Cu(I)-catalysed click chemistry, the field of peptidomimetics has expanded to include 1,4-connected 1,2,3-triazoles as useful peptide bond isosteres. Here, we report the synthesis of triazole-containing analogues of the naturally occurring tyrosinase inhibitor cyclo-[Pro-Val-Pro-Tyr] and show that the analogues retain enzyme inhibitory activity, demonstrating the effectiv...

The aim of the present study was to characterize the effects of BM 208 (N-[4-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamidoethyl)benzenesulfonyl]-N'-cyano- N"- cyclohexylguanidine) and BM 225 (1-[4-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamidoethyl)benzene sulfonamido]-1-cyclohexylamino-2-nitroethylene), two newly synthesized isosteres of glibenclamide, on ionic and secretory events in rat pancreatic islet cells. Both compounds ...

Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are involved in initiation of immune responses to foreign antigens via presentation of peptides to receptors of CD4 T-cells. An analogous presentation of self-peptides may lead to autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The glycopeptide fragment CII259–273, derived from type II collagen, is presented by A MHCII molecules i...

Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are involved in initiation of immune responses to foreign antigens via presentation of peptides to receptors of CD4(+) T-cells. An analogous presentation of self-peptides may lead to autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The glycopeptide fragment CII259-273, derived from type II collagen, is presented by A(q) MHCII molec...

A series of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors based on two pseudosymmetric dipeptide isosteres have been synthesized and evaluated. The inhibitors were designed by incorporating N-phenyloxazolidinone-5-carboxamides into the hydroxyethylene and (hydroxyethyl)hydrazine dipeptide isosteres as P2 and P2' ligands. Compounds with (S)-phenyloxazolidinones attached at a position proximal to the central h...