Every year, close to 8 million tons of waste crab, shrimp and lobster shells are produced globally, as well 10 oyster, clam, scallop mussel shells. The disposed frequently dumped at sea or sent landfill, where they modify soils, waters marine ecosystems. Waste a major by-product, which should become new raw material be used the best their potential. There number applications for in many fields,...

The nature of the olfactory receptor in crustaceans, a major group of arthropods, has remained elusive. We report that spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus, express ionotropic receptors (IRs), the insect chemosensory variants of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Unlike insects IRs, which are expressed in a specific subset of olfactory cells, two lobster IR subunits are expressed in most, if not all, l...

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Two DNA sequences that appear to be homologous to large-subunit mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes have been identified in the stone crabs Menippe mercenaria and M. adina. Amplification from whole genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with oligonucleotide primers based on conserved portions of large-subunit mitochondrial rRNA genes consistently amplified two products of similar length (...

The entire mitochondrial gene order of the crustacean Pagurus longicarpus was determined by sequencing all but approximately 300 bp of the mitochondrial genome. We report the first major gene rearrangements found in the clade including Crustacea and Insecta. At least eight mitochondrial gene rearrangements have dramatically altered the gene order of the hermit crab P. longicarpus relative to th...

In five groups of luminous animals it can be shown that luminescence is connected with the oxidation of a substance, luciferin, in aqueous solution, in presence of an enzyme, luciferase, and dissolved oxygen. In the mollusc, Pholas dactylus, Dubois (1) has been able to oxidize Pholas luciferin with luminescence by KMn04, HzO, BaOz, PbOa, and hypochlorites. I have been unable to oxidize with lum...