International tourism and its related businesses have considerably increased recently. Due to this expansion, tourism employees must be able to communicate appropriately, and effective ESP programs need to be administered accordingly. Many studies have been conducted on current ESP courses for tourism; however, major problems still remain in designing ESP courses to satisfy L2 learners’ needs, ...

political novel is one of the kinds of persian literature with special factors, which are different from other contemporary story writing styles.  these types of stories are more accommodated with critical discourse analysis (cda) among other methods of novel analyses compared to other types, because of their specificity and unique quality of and their close relations with society and political...

As information systems become increasingly important to the functions of organizations, security and reliable operation of these systems are also becoming increasingly important. Interoperability, information sharing, collaboration, design imperfections, limitations, and the like lead to vulnerabilities that can endanger information system security and operation. Unfortunately, understanding an...

[Context and Motivation] Development of innovative ICT-based applications is a complex process involving collaboration of all relevant disciplines. This complexity arises due to differences in terminology, knowledge and often also the ways of working between developers in the disciplines involved. [Question/problem] Advances in each discipline bring a rich design environment of theories, models...

− Measurement results provide important information about the measured objects. In industrial application, this is used to inspect products and control processes. To enable reliable statements based on the measurement results, all concerned employees need sufficient competences to fulfil their specific tasks, e.g. a correct execution of the measurement task, but also a proper interpretation of ...

PLANDoc, a system under joint development by Columbia and Bellcore, documents the activity of planning engineers as they study telephone routes. It takes as input a trace of the engineer’s interaction with a network planning tool and produces 1-2 page summary. In this paper, we describe the user needs analysis we performed and how it influenced the development of PLANDoc. In particular, we show...