the safavid dynasty was the first iranian centralized administration, which chose shia’a branch of islam as the official religion and the judicial system for iran. in safavi period the state officially established two separate and distinct court system. first the state courts (the urf courts) under the supervision of the secular minister of justice (divan-begi) and the secondly the islamic cour...

Sentencing drug crimes and treating drug-addicted defendants often stem from contradictory theories of punishment. In the late twentieth century, courts traded rehabilitation for retributive ideals to fight the " War on Drugs. " However, beginning with the Miami-Dade Drug Court, treatment and rehabilitation have returned to the forefront of sentencing policy in traditional and alternative drug ...

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act bestowed upon the Securities and Exchange Commission the right to pursue an enforcement action against any person either in federal court or through an administrative proceeding. Since 2012, the SEC has chosen to pursue an unprecedented percentage of its enforcement actions administratively, and it has prevailed in those administrati...

Mental health courts are one of a variety of special jurisdiction courts that have been created in a number of countries, including the United States (Petrila, 2003). While there is no prototypical mental health court (Steadman, Davidson, & Brown, 2001; Watson, Luchins, & Hanrahan, 2001), most of those in existence today share several common characteristics. These include (a) the creation of a ...

the issue of conflicting jurisdictions is certainly not new to law. it has long been known in domestic law systems. however, for public international law the issue of conflicting jurisdictions is relatively new. since the early 1990s we have witnessed an indisputable proliferation of international courts and tribunals endowed with the jurisdiction to deal with certain areas of international law...

Persons who have mental illness are over-represented among jail and prison inmates. Efforts have been advancing to stem the flow of offenders who have mental illness into the criminal justice system. The best known initiatives are diversion programs situated within the police department or jail. 4 The mental health court is the newest of these approaches. Although there are currently fewer than...

This is an extremely ambitious book, for in its relatively brief compass it undertakes to discuss three aspects of the Jeffersonian era: (1) the contest for control of the national judiciary, usually personified as a struggle of the titans, Thomas Jefferson and John Marshall; (2) the battle for reform of the judiciary at the state and local level; and (3) the meaning of Jeffersonian democracy a...

What do the courts want from expert testimony, and how do judges assess professed expertise? These questions form the core of this meticulously written and thought-provoking book on the role of expert evidence in courts of law. Rather than presenting a criticism of the abuses of expert testimony (Hagen, 1997), a practical guide to the task of being an expert witness (Brodsky, 2004), or an overv...