The extant literature has indicated that upstream supplier encroachment on the incumbent retailer could be beneficial to supplier, retailer, and entire industry, when supplier’s marketing disadvantage satisfies specific conditions. This study extends previous investigations about circumstance where is capable of managing mitigating her disadvantage, which further intensifies retail competition ...

privatization is one of the policies adopted by the governments all over the world for economic and administrative reforms. the main objectives for these reforms include the cost reduction and the productivity improvements, among others. this paper also studies the impact of privatization in the east azerbaijan's telecommunications company on its costs reduction. to that end, using mann whitney...

delay in irrigated wheat primary tillage operations causes yield reduction and hidden timeliness cost in fars province. mechanization of primary tillage operations for irrigated wheat in fars province was simulated using system dynamics approach. a part of the model structure was related to the agricultural operations timeliness costs. for the mentioned simulation, causal relations between syst...