a deterministic model was employed to simulate various progeny testing programs compatible with the conditions of holstein dairy cattle population in iran. in simulated programs, the selection intensity of bulls was increased by increasing the ratio of cow population in mate with young bulls. selection accuracy in the programs was fixed because of the fixed progeny group. economic efficiency (t...

in this research the activity of 75 producers, 55 wholesalers and 55 retailers, citrus market of jahrom county was investigated. the results indicated that margin of wholesale, retail and total margin of citrus in this county was 1461.1, 1480.3, and 2941.4 rs respectively. share of producer from marginal price was estimated to be 57.9 percent and share of wholesaler was more than retailer. in t...

abstract the main aim of the paper is to determine the marketing efficiency of poultry industry in karaj. in this research the marketing margin and the marketing efficiency of poultry market in different level of the market in karaj was calculated. the results showed that slaughter houses gain the main part of marketing margin and marking profit. the share of slaughter house was more that 50 pe...

Scheduling jobs of decentralized decision makers that are in competition will usually lead to cost inefficiencies. This cost inefficiency is studied using the Price of Anarchy (PoA), i.e. the ratio between the worst Nash equilibrium cost and the cost attained at the centralized optimum. First, we provide a tight upperbound for the PoA that depends on the number of machines involved. Second, we ...

the iranian ministry of energy commands the regional electrical companies to install dg resources at 63kv/20kv substations and at the end of 20kv lines. the first and foremost challenge in installing these resources is deciding on the optimal place and capacity of these resources. this paper is aimed to propose an appropriate algorithm for siting and sizing such resources in bakhtar regional el...

The Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) was established in 2010 to ensure timely access to low-cost generic versions of patented antiretroviral (ARV) medicines in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) through the negotiation of voluntary licences with patent holders. While robust data on the savings generated by MPP and other major global public health initiatives is important, it is also difficult ...

Background Vitamin K compounded oral solution costs significantly less on a per-milligram basis compared with tablet formulations. Current literature has shown that international normalized ratio (INR) lowering in the reversal of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) occurs to a similar degree when using vitamin K oral solution compared with tablet formulations. Objective To compare drug spending on v...

Business intelligence tools have enabled novel and relatively low-cost capabilities to collect and analyze vast amount of customer information. Accumulation of customer specific information along with transactional data empowers firms to categorize customers into segments and offer customized prices. We study the impact of price discrimination and market segmentation on competition and consumer...