Currently there are three categories of humanoid robots available: Professional humanoid robots developed by large companies with a huge amount of research resources. They are expensive and not available on the market. Research humanoid robots: The robots in this category are usually prototypes developed by scientists to implement and test new ideas. Humanoid “Toy” robots: There are a lot of hu...

Aspect-oriented advice increases the number of places one must consider during reasoning, since advice may affect all method calls and field accesses. MAO, a new variant of AspectJ, demonstrates how to simplify reasoning by allowing programmers, if they choose, to declare limits on the control and heap effects of advice. Heap effects, such as assignment to object fields, are specified using con...