Background: The purpose of this study was to introduce a technical tip for the preparation of tibial tunnel in a posteriorcruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction to reduce the chance of popliteal artery injury and duration of the surgery.Methods: This study included 18 patients who underwent PCL reconstructions at Imam Khomeini University Hospital,Tehran, Iran, between 2016 and...

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Introduction: In recent years, optical imaging has attracted a lot of attention from scholars as a non- aggressive, efficient method for evaluating the activities of the motor cortex in the brain. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS (is a tool showing the hemodynamic changes in a cortical area of the brain according to optical principles. The present study has been de...

introduction the dexamethasone test has been widely used for diagnosing hypercortisolism. materials and methods we assessed the relationship between the basal and suppressed cortisol values in urine and plasma during a low-dose dexamethasone test in patients with proved cushing&apos;s disease. results a statistically highly significant correlation was found (for urine cortisol: r = 0.66, p <0.0...

introduction: alzheimer’s disease (ad) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, which has much benefited from animal models to find the basics of its pathophysiology. in our previous work (haghani, shabani, javan, motamedi, & janahmadi, 2012), a non-transgenic rat model of ad was used in electrophysiological studies. however, we did not investigate the histological aspects in the ...

change in transmitting time of impulses along axons is traditionally attributed to two parameters: the myelin formation and the diameter of neurite, both rising during the postnatal development. in the previous study, we showed that conduction velocity of the fibers projecting from the thalamus to the layer iv of the somatosensory (barrel) cortex increases as a function of age. however, the con...

background and aim: human beings receive a variety of sounds in their everyday lives. these sounds are generated by different sources, and are heard simultaneously or with a small time sequence. a characteristic of the auditory system is its ability to analyze complex sounds, and to make decisions about the source of each constituent part of these sounds. the present study intends to assess nor...

introduction: working memory plays a critical role in cognitive processes which are central to our daily life. neuroimaging studies have shown that one of the most important areas corresponding to the working memory is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlfpc). this study was aimed to assess whether bilateral modulation of the dlpfc using a noninvasive brain stimulation, namely transcranial di...

One of the most important factors in drug addiction is stress. It has been shown that animals with prenatal stress history are more risky for drug dependence. It have also been shown that frontal cortex play a role in drug dependence. In the present study the effects of two kinds of mild stress during pregnancy on the development of frontal cortex in Wistar rats (250-300 g) were investigated. F...

Cognitive maps come in all shapes and sizes. Here, we review the literature on cognitive their role novel inferences during decision making, focusing representations computations hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, ventral prefrontal cortex. We suggest that can be seen as balancing representational complexity online computational demand. Recent evidence suggests hippocampal formation orbital fronta...