Abstract Today, debt stabilization in an uncertain environment is an important issue. In particular, the question how fiscal and monetary authorities should deal with this uncertainty is of much importance. Especially for some developing countries such as Iran, in which on average 60 percent of government revenues comes from oil, and consequently uncertainty about oil prices has a large effec...

we model a real-world case problem as a price competition model between two leader-follower supply chains that each of them consists of one manufacturer and one retailer. t he manufacturer produces partially differentiated products and sells to market through his retailer. the retailer sells the products of manufacturer to market by adding some values to the product and gains margin as a fracti...

We study a non-cooperative game with aggregative structure, namely when the payoffs depend on the strategies of the opponent players through an aggregator function. We assume that a subset of players behave as leaders in a Stackelberg model. The leaders, as well the followers, act non-cooperatively between themselves and solve a Nash equilibrium problem. We assume an exogenous uncertainty affec...

With the increasing demands of consumers for product grade, C2B model high-grade e-commerce emerges as required. In order to solve problem coordination and cooperation between platforms manufacturers, further develop e-commerce, this paper studies supply chain interests by establishing a differential game considering grade factors. By comparing equilibrium solutions games under different decisi...

This paper is considering the competition between two multi-echelon supply-chains on price and service under balance and imbalance of market power between the chains which are analyzing through Nash and Stackelberg game approach. The problem is categorized as the centralized or decentralized structure of each chain, which means a few different possible scenarios are developing based on the Nash...

This paper focuses on developing low-carbon technology (LCT) innovation in traditional enterprises under carbon trading policies. The Hamilton–Jacobi–Berman equation quantitatively investigates the coordination mechanism and optimal strategy of LCT systems conventional industries. A three-way dynamic differential game model is constructed to analyze three cases: Nash disequilibrium game; Stacke...

This paper focuses on the pricing problem of a two-stage closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) considering cross-channel recycling and channel preference based single manufacturer traditional retailer. The decision raises from manufacturer’s direct sales retailer’s retailing including recycling. Managers need to focus intelligible management consumer preferences, recovery strategies. According game t...

warranty as a kind of service contract today plays a role key in business and legal transactions. in this paper, we present a manufacturer, an agent and a customer's model under different service contracts suggestions. the manufacturer's profit is maximized by determining sale price, warranty period and warranty price. in addition we obtain optimal maintenance cost or repair cost for ...