Abstract The article applies the economic theory of alliances to uncover military expenditure burden sharing in North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) during 1991–2020, prior Russia’s invasion Ukraine February 2022. In so doing, our analysis accounts for relative locations NATO allies through various spatial or weights applied allies’ defense spending. Such include membership status, contigu...

In this paper, we explore how diagram placement in mathematics textbooks influences (i) students' and teachers' perceptions of exposition quality (ii) reading behaviour as indexed by their eye movements. Our findings contribute to research on the spatial contiguity principle, which recommends that related educational pictures text should be displayed close together. our first study, used a comp...

Meaningfulness of the relevant (MR) and irrelevant (MI) syllables and contiguity of the relevant syllables were manipulated in a task analogous to concept formation. Stimuli consisted of two nonsense syllables with one being relevant, in that it was consistently paired with a number response, and the other being irrelevant, in that it appeared equally often with each number response. MR was var...

[1] The microstructure of partially molten rocks plays a key role in determining their physical properties. The area fraction of intergranular contact, contiguity, governs the establishment of a skeletal framework of solid grains and controls the effective elastic moduli of the aggregate. This work presents a theoretical calculation of steady state grain shape, contiguity, effective elastic mod...