n engl j med 358;14 www.nejm.org april 3, 2008 1496 From the Departments of Medicine (N.S., C.L.A.) and Surgery (D.J.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison; and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School (D.R.K., S.S.), and the Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence (S.S.) — both in Ann Arbor. Addr...

We discuss some consequence relations in DRT useful to discourse semantics. We incorporate some consequence relations into DRT using se-quent calculi. We also show some connections of these consequence relations and existing partial logics. Our attempt enables us to display several versions of DRT by employing different consequence relations.

In 1963, Abraham Robinson applied his newly discovered nonstandard analysis to formal firstorder languages and developed a nonstandard logic [9] relative to the “truth” concept and structures. Since that time not a great deal of fundamental research has been attempted in this specific area with one notable exception [2]. However, when results from this discipline are utilized they have yielded ...

The modern view of logical reasoning as modeled by a consequence operator (instead of simply by a set of theorems) has allowed for huge developments in the study of logic as an abstract discipline. Still, it is unable to explain why it is often the case that the same designation is used, in an ambiguous way, to describe several distinct modes of reasoning over the same logical language. A parad...

In this paper we present a systematic study of abductive consequence relations. We show that a monotone abductive consequence relation satisses the properties of a cumulative monotonic system as deened by Kraus, Lehmann and Magidor when the disjunction of all abductive explanations is the explanation used to justify the observations. We also show that, in general, for this class of abductive co...

We provide a general investigation of Logic in which the notion of a simple consequence relation is taken to be fundamental. Our notion is more general than the usual one since we give up monotonicity and use multisets rather than sets. We use our notion for characterizing several known logics (including Linear Logic and non-monotonic logics) and for a general, semantics-independent classi cati...

We present an extensive experimental study of consequence-finding algorithms based on kernel resolution, using both a trie-based and a novel ZBDD-based implementation, which uses ZeroSuppressed Binary Decision Diagrams to concisely store and process very large clause sets. Our study considers both the full prime implicate task and applications of consequence-finding for restricted target langua...

Research on reasoning in description logics has traditionally focused on the standard inference tasks of (un)satisfiability, subsumption, and instance checking. In recent years, however, there has been a growing interest in so-called non-standard inference services (cf. [1]) which prove useful in the creation, evolution, and utilisation of description logic knowledge bases (KBs). In this paper,...

The shift of interest in logic from just reasoning to all forms of information flow has considerably widened the scope of the discipline, as amply illustrated in Johan van Benthem’s recent book Logical Dynamics of Information and Interaction. But how much does this change when it comes to the study of traditional logical notions such as logical consequence? We propose a systematic comparison be...

To test the hypothesis that atrial enlargement can develop as a consequence of atrial fibrillation, left and right atrial dimensions were measured echocardiographically at two different time points in patients with atrial fibrillation. Patients were selected who initially had normal atrial sizes and who had no evidence of significant structural or functional cardiac abnormalities other than atr...