Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been chemically conjugated to a variety of bioactive molecules, lipids, polymers, peptides, and inorganic nanostructured materials to enhance their pharmacokinetic behavior, cellular uptake, target specificity, and safety. To efficiently deliver siRNAs to the target cells and tissues, many different siRNA bioconjugates were synthesized and characterized, and th...

We present a new minimal residual method, called global R-linear GMRES, to solve the R-linear matrix equations X + AXB = C and X + AXB = C, where C, X ∈ Cm×n, X denotes the complex conjugate of X, X its complex conjugate transpose, and A, B are complex matrices with appropriate dimensions. We show that the new method requires fewer matrix-matrix products than the global GMRES method applied to ...

Ciphers y = C(x, k) and  = (, ) are isomorphic if there exists invertible computable in both directions map y ↔ , x ↔ , k ↔ . Cipher is vulnerable if and only if isomorphic cipher is vulnerable. Instead of computing the key of a cipher it is sufficient to find suitable isomorphic cipher and compute its key. If φ is arbitrary substitution and T is round substitution, its conjugate  = φTφ...