As a major structural dynamic criterion in designing thin shells, the fundamental frequency is maximized for a specified total structural mass. The general optimization problem of metallic conical shell structures with clamped / free ends has been treated formally among all other types of boundary conditions. Both stiffened and unstiffened constructions are examined with the effective design va...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) capsid proteins spontaneously assemble around the genome into a protective protein shell called the capsid, which can take on a variety of shapes broadly classified as conical, cylindrical, and irregular. The majority of capsids seen in in vivo studies are conical in shape, while in vitro experiments have shown a preference for cylindrical capsids. The factors...

The dynamic response characteristics of a coupled, functionally graded porous conical–conical–cylindrical shell (FGP-CCCS) with arbitrary boundary conditions are investigated using semi-analytical method in this research. individual shells firmly connected at the interface. It is assumed that FGP-CCCS made three types FGP materials uniform or non-uniform distribution porosity along thickness di...