hedging is a multi-purpose rhetorical strategy which is usually used in scientific arguments to secure ratification of claims, reduce the risk of negation, avoid conflict, manage disagreement and leave room for the audience to assess presented information. hedges are frequently used in research articles to mitigate the findings of research endeavors. the present research aims to investigate the...

testing plays a vital role in any language teaching program. it allows teachers and stakeholders, including program administrators, parents, admissions officers and prospective employers to be assured that the learners are progressing according to an accepted standard (douglas, 2010). the problems currently facing language testers have both practical and theoretical implications but the first i...

There is little doubt that the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies (CBTs) have become one of the primary approaches to mental health in the world. There is a large database that supports the efficacy of the CBTs for a range of disorders [1], and some authors have gone so far to declare the CBTs the “gold standard” for specific disorders [2]. In addition, while many of the CBT models were...