this study was performed based on 482 questionnaires from 30 food companies' salespeople which contained 39-items. for testing the model, multilevel approach and hlm 6.05 was used. the main effects of basic physiological needs (relatedness, competency and autonomy) and moderation and main effects of competitive climate and collective sales efficacy were investigated. results showed related...

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Work-hour restrictions, increased workload, and subjective assessment of competency are major threats to the efficacy of the traditional apprenticeship model of surgical training in modern surgical practice. In response, medical educators are developing time- and resource-efficient competency-based models of surgical training. The purpose of our project was to develop, imp...

Learning objectives (LOs) are statements of intent that describe what a student will know and be able to do at the end of a course. However, the definition of well-formed LOs is a challenge in instructional design. This paper describes a competency-based approach to support the integrated definition of LOs in learning, education and training systems. This approach is based on a system-wide defi...