Operating parameters and membrane characteristics strongly affect the performance of electrodialysis reversal systems. The most impactful factors are applied voltage, flow rate, temperature, initial feed composition, and ion exchange membrane characteristics; the pH of the feed also has an effect, although to a lesser extent. To determine more precisely how all of these factors impact performan...

Perth will run out of available sustainable natural water resources by 2015 if nothing is done to slow usage rates, according to a Western Australian study [1]. Alternative water technology options need to be considered for the long-term guaranteed supply of water for agricultural, commercial, domestic and industrial purposes. Seawater is an alternative source of water for human consumption, be...

This study aims to provide conclusive evidence that information about water from alternative sources increases public acceptance. We conducted an experiment with 1000 Australian respondents asking them about their acceptance of recycled and desalinated water for a range of purposes under two conditions: 1) no information provided and 2) information about the production process provided. Results...

in this paper, a combinational optimization algorithm is introduced to obtain the best size and location of static compensator (statcom) in power systems. its main contribution is considering contingency analysis where lines outages may lead to infeasible solutions especially at peak loads and it commonly can be vanished by load-shedding. the objective of the proposed algorithm is firstly to pr...

the microgrid concept provides attractive solutions for reliability enhancement of power distribution systems. normally, microgrids contain renewable-energy-based distributed generation (dg) units, which their output power varies with different environmental conditions. in addition, load demand usually changes with factors such as hourly and seasonal customer activities. hence, these issues hav...

Wind power generation is variable and uncertain. In the power systems with high penetration of wind power, determination of equivalent operating reserve is the main concern of systems operator. In this paper, a model is proposed to determine operating reserves in simultaneous market clearing of energy and reserve by stochastic programming based on scenarios generated via Monte Carlo simulation ...