Both Arab and Western scholars agree that, starting in the mid-20th century, correlation of Europeans with Crusaders extrapolation term “Crusade” to modern military conflicts have become an integral part political discourse, are also widely reflected culture. The existence works examining references theme Crusades social thought, politics, culture second half 20th century contrasts almost compl...

Tshivenda poetry thematises varied notions of selfhood and culture, among others. Within this thematisation, longings for the freedom to self-identify (re)present self or selves show up as recurrent themes. For analytical convenience, 10 poems were purposively selected analysed in article. The analysis is based on a predetermined set themes, namely, quest identity authenticity, being belonging,...

We exploit differences in the mortality rates faced by European colonialists to estimate the effect of institutions on economic performance. Europeans adopted very different colonization policies in different colonies, with different associated institutions. In places where Europeans faced high mortality rates, they could not settle and they were more likely to set up extractive institutions. T...

World Health Organization launched the most ambitious and expensive international programme in history to eradicate smallpox once and for all. After many vicissitudes and no little heroism on the part of the workers sent into remote and hostile territories, the objective was accomplished amidst much jubilation. September of 1977 saw the last recorded case of naturally transmitted smallpox on th...

For a hundred years, since the French colonization of Chad and Niger, Libyan region Fezzan has played significant role in strategy Africa. The determining factor importance for policy Paris was by transnational processes border. ethnic proximity northern regions Sahelian countries catalyzed Franco-Libyan clashes 1900s, when colonialists faced resistance Senussi order, which suppressed only with ...

the potential equality and convertibility of all people. Stornig’s analysis of the exposition material reveals that religious and secular knowledge were deeply connected. Catholic academics established their theory on ‘cultural circles’ (Kulturkreise) by merging both types of knowledge. Much of their argumentation was based on pictures of bodies, used to construct differences. Marcel Dreier und...

1. Initiation of Oppression: At an early point in time, the European colonialists established hierarchical group relations with the peoples they oppressed and exploited for their land and labor. Soon this hierarchy of oppression was explained in racial terms. The subordinated groups were viewed as biologically and culturally inferior races. This racialized oppression has never been eradicated a...

Introduction Africa’s history is inescapably entwined with its history of colonization. Stereotypes were veritable tools in the hands of colonialists who, it would appear, needed to justify their occupation on the ground of having to liberate a backward people with poorly developed mental faculties. Colonial literature, from administrative to scientific, is replete with examples of materials in...

English in Malaysia has undergone several phases since it entered the country during colonial period early nineteenth century. During period, was used mainly for communicating between colonialists and traders. official language together with Malay when attained independence 1957. However, lost its status as an after ten years, 1967, made sole language. The medium of instruction which had been g...

As a subsystem in national education system, Islamic system plays strategic role the nationâ€TMs intellectual life as well its character building. boarding school one of varieties Isl amic educational institutions, is pioneer and prototype holistic human development, that is, noble character. In context nation state, schools have been proven to play an active firmly upholding defending Unitary ...