Scientific theories are hard to find, and once scientists have found a theory H, they often believe that there are not many distinct alternatives to H. But is this belief justified? What should scientists believe about the number of alternatives to H, and how should they change these beliefs in the light of new evidence? These are some of the questions that we will address in this paper. We als...

During the past decade, the appreciation and understanding of how bacterial cells can be organized in both space and time have been revolutionized by the identification and characterization of multiple bacterial homologs of the eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton. Some of these bacterial actins, such as the plasmid-borne ParM protein, have highly specialized functions, whereas other bacterial actins,...

Basics We will use the following parameters: • n, the security parameter.

Working memory capacity is one of the most important learner's characteristics that can be used as an input parameter for personalizing learning in order to improve the learning process. Therefore, knowing learner’s working memory capacity and personalizing the learning contents according to learner’s working memory capacity levels are important research issues. This paper proposes an approach ...

background: the lysosomal protease cathepsin d (cd) has been associated with tumor progression in malignant tumors including oral squamous cell carcinoma (oscc). the purpose of this study was to find out any association between the cd and lymph node metastasis and to study the correlation of cd with various clinicopathological parameters to aid in assessment of its role as a prognostic indicato...

A 53-year-old man was admitted to Keio University Hospital because of serious dyspnea and edema of the lower extremities. Eighteen months previously, the patient had complained of chest discomfort, and was then admitted for the first time to our hospital for evaluation of chest pain. Electrocardiography showed poor R wave progression in leads Vl through V4, and diffuse nonspecific STsegment and...

It is a challenging task to diagnose mycosis fungoides (MF), a type of primary cutaneous lymphoma, in the early stages of its development, due to the unspecific presentations associated with the disease. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry conduce to a more definite diagnosis. Presence of atypical T-cells in epidermis and upper dermis is the most significant pathologic finding. Herein...

In patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), the BRAF V600E mutation has been reported to be associated with several clinicopathological features and poor survival. However, the prognostic implications of BRAF V600E mutation and the associated clinicopathological characteristics in CRCs remain controversial. Therefore, we reviewed various clinicopathological features, including BRAF status, in 349...