penalty clause or liquidated damage which is formerly agreed between parties is legally examined and accepted as a rule. although judge could in some circumstances modify this stipulation. yet its economic analysis which is focused on economic efficiency can be considered as a “major unexplained puzzle in the economic theory of law”. this article compares the major legal systems in the case of ...

This article gives an introduction to linguistic complexity and investigates the of sentences in Danish from a diachronic perspective. By taking recursion-based approach phenomenon, it can be shown that old part corpus (eighteenth/ nineteenth century) are more complex than new (twentieth/twentyfirst century). For instance, older texts found contain clauses per sentence, clause complexes subordi...

Although syntactic priming is well studied and commonly assumed to involve implicit learning, the mechanisms behind this phenomenon are still under debate. We tested whether implicit learning of adjacent and non-adjacent sequences occurs in a non-linguistic, finger sequence task (Serial Reaction Time task), and if so, whether these implicitly-learned dependencies can cause syntactic priming in ...

We consider a general class of \weakly acyclic Horn programs" where the literals implied by the examples and the target clauses form an acyclic dependency graph. A Horn clause is transparent if all the terms in all its derivations from the target program are contained in the clause itself. A Horn program is transparent if all its clauses are transparent. We show that any subclass of rst-order w...

Dependency parsers show syntactic relations between words using a directed graph, but comparing dependency parsers is difficult because of differences in theoretical models. We describe a system to convert dependency models to a structural grammar used in grammar education. Doing so highlights features that are potentially overlooked in the dependency graph, as well as exposing potential weakne...

Over the years, subject of advantages Madrid System, convenience and economic it offers to users has been frequently addressed argued. However, less attention paid constraints this international trademark registration system its provisions that need be revised adapt user requirements. These aspects will addressed, in a constructive manner, paper. In particular, paper presents some consideration...

Behavioral studies of sentence comprehension suggest that processing long-distance dependencies is subject to interference effects when Noun Phrases (NP) similar to the dependency head intervene in the dependency. Neuroimaging studies converge in localizing such effects to Broca's area, showing that activity in Broca's area increases with the number of NP interveners crossed by a moved NP of th...

This paper presents a practical method for a global structure analyzing Mgorithm of Japanese long sentences with lexical information, a method which we call Lexical Discourse Grammar (LDG). This method assumes that .Japanese function words, such as conjunctive particles (postpositions) located at the end of each clause, have modality and suggest global structures of Japanese long sentences in c...

This paper is focused on description of hy­ potactic constructions (constructions with sub­ ordinating conjunctions) with “elaborative” meanings. In dependency­based linguistic lit­ erature, they are referred to as hypotactic co­ ordinations or also (a subset of) false depen­ dent clauses. The analysis makes use of syn­ tax­ and discourse­annotated corpora of Czech and English and thus offers a...

We present the Dependency Parser, called Maxuxta, for the linguistic processing of Basque, which can serve as a representative of agglutinative languages that are also characterized by the free order of its constituents. The Dependency syntactic model is applied to establish the dependency-based grammatical relations between the components within the clause. Such a deep analysis is used to impr...