Contrary with the opinion and idea that the civilization difference induces the civilization conflicts, the commonness of civilization is more important in fact. In the various past researches about the civilization comparison, most scholars emphasized to review and look the differences among different civilizations, and deduced that the differences induced the conflicts. However, the differenc...

Alexis de Tocqueville, a French political scientist and historian who visited America in 1831, is quoted frequently on the distinctions he found between the New and Old Worlds. But some of his other comments highlighted similarities across civilizations: “The village or township is the only association which is so perfectly natural that, wherever a number of men are collected, it seems to const...

The dynamics of ‘‘vicious,’’ continuously growing civilizations ~domains!, which engage in ‘‘war’’ whenever two domains meet, is investigated. In the war event, the smaller domain is annihilated, while the larger domain is reduced in size by a fraction e of the casualties of the loser. Here e quantifies the fairness of the war, with e51 corresponding to a fair war with equal casualties on both ...

A civilization constitutes a durable social system of complementary traits. Some of the complementarities of any given civilization are between elements of “material” life and ones commonly treated as integral to “culture.” Identifying the mechanisms responsible for a civilization’s observed trajectory involves, therefore, causal relationships that cross the often-postulated “cultural–material”...

The earliest irrigation system in Sri Lanka dates back to the sixth century BC. It had reached its peak of development around twelfth AD. With migration civilization southwest, arid zone was overgrown and destroyed by abandonment ancient industries. But many old industries are still active today as living heritage. This due conservation maintenance done local rulers well colonial who ruled coun...