E-cigarettes, or e-cigs, are a member of a family of products known as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). While there?s no scientific consensus on the long-term risk or relative safety of using e-cigs, studies to date have shown that the devices transmit fewer toxins than traditional cigarettes. E-cigs are not, however, without health risks (read on for more information). While some u...

Herein we report the one-pot electrodeposition of copper indium gallium diselenide, CuIn(1-x)Ga(x)Se(2) (CIGS), thin films as the p-type semiconductor in an ionic liquid medium consisting of choline chloride/urea eutectic mixture known as Reline. The thin films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photo...

Computer-interpretable clinical guidelines (CIGs) aim to eliminate clinician errors, reduce practice variation, and promote best medical practices by delivering patient-specific advice during patient encounters. Clinical guidelines are being regularly updated and revised to handle expanding clinical knowledge. When revising CIGs, much effort can be saved by specifying changes among versions ins...

In this paper, a method to obtain the CuInGaSe2 (CIGS) absorber layer with an appropriate selenium content is put forward, in which a Se-rich target is used to deposit a CIGS thin-film and this film is annealed in a Se-free inert atmosphere. The key issue of this method is the preparation of a Se-rich target with a homogeneous composition and a high-density. The formation mechanism of CuInSe2 a...

Computer-Interpretable Guidelines (CIGs) are representations of Clinical Guidelines (CGs) in computer interpretable languages. CIGs have been pointed as an alternative to deal with the various limitations of paper based CGs to support healthcare activities. Although the improvements offered by existing CIG languages, the complexity of the medical domain requires advanced features in order to re...

Szaniawski, P. 2017. From Light to Dark. Electrical Phenomena in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1501. 83 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-554-9884-9. In Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells the CIGS layer serves as the light absorber, growing naturally p-type. Together with an n-typ...

We analyze the kinematic properties of offset-domain Common Image Gathers (CIGs) and Angle-Domain CIGs (ADCIGs) computed by wavefield-continuation migration. Our results are valid regardless of whether the CIGs were obtained by using the correct migration velocity. They thus can be used as a theoretical basis for developing Migration Velocity Analysis (MVA) methods that exploit the velocity inf...

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) films were prepared by thermal treatment of In/CuGa metallic precursors using dimethylselenium, which is a less hazardous Se source than H2Se gas. CIGS films were fabricated using various heating times and dimethylselenium supply rates. We investigated the effect of the selenization temperature and the dimethylselenium supply rate on the crystal phase and surface morphology ...

Numerical modeling of polycrystalline thin-film solar cell serves as an imperative procedure to test the suitability of proposed physical clarification and to anticipate the effect of physical changes on cell performance. All in all, this must be conducted with only partial knowledge of input parameters. In this paper, we evaluated the numerical simulation of CdS/CIGS tandem multi junction sola...

Thin ®lm solar modules based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) have a very high potential to reduce production costs for photovoltaic modules. The challenge is to combine the large area issues with high throughput and yield with the high quality of the device. ZSW has developed inline processes for almost all process steps for glass/glass modules and reaches a 12.7% ef®ciency level with high yield for 30£...