Recovery of aerobic bacterial populations, as well as low levels of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium from beef carcasses was determined by sponge (SP) and excision (EX) sampling during the course of three separate studies. For the first study, samples were taken from three points on the processing line: (1) pre-wash, (2) post-wash, and (3) after 24 h in the chill cooler. SP r...

Chill and freeze represent very different components of low temperature stress. Whilst the principal mechanisms of tissue damage and of acquired protection from freeze-induced effects are reasonably well established, those for chill damage and protection are not. Non-freeze cold exposure (i.e. chill) can lead to serious disruption to normal life processes, including disruption to energy metabol...

purpose estimating wind chill index as one of the indexes effective in body comfort, specifically for athletes and tourists interested in winter sports. methods meteorology data including temperature and the percentage of relative humidity of 6 synoptic stations of chaharmahal-bakhtiyrai province, iran from 1990 to 2007 were extracted from iranian meteorology site. in order to calculate the val...

The subject of this paper is the Colorado State University–University of Chicago–Illinois State Water Survey (CSU–CHILL) National Radar Facility’s S-band polarimetric research radar. Key features of this system include polarization agility (provided by the dual-transmitter, dual-receiver design), a recently updated signal processor, and a low (234 dB, two way) integrated cross-polar ratio (ICPR...

The most difficult to control segment that affects directly safety and quality of chilled meats is the actual chill chain. Application of an optimised management for chilled distribution requires continuous monitoring and control of storage conditions from production to consumption. A novel chill chain management policy, coded “Safety Monitoring and Assurance System” (SMAS) is applied, allowing...

Latitudinal trends in cold tolerance have been observed in many terrestrial ectotherms, but few studies have investigated interpopulational variation in the cold physiology of marine invertebrates. Here, the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus was used as a model system to study how local adaptation influences the cold tolerance of a broadly distributed marine crustacean. Among five popul...

Until now, the recommended procedure for measuring hydrolyzable tannins has been to mix the reagent and sample, subject the mixture to a certain amount of chill, allow the reaction to continue for some time at a higher temperature and then measure the absorbance of the colored solution. The effect of different chill conditions has been studied by many workers but the effect of conditions after ...

PURPOSE Estimating wind chill index as one of the indexes effective in body comfort, specifically for athletes and tourists interested in winter sports. METHODS Meteorology data including temperature and the percentage of relative humidity of 6 synoptic stations of Chaharmahal-Bakhtiyrai province, Iran from 1990 to 2007 were extracted from Iranian Meteorology Site. In order to calculate the v...