OBJECTIVE Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a neurotoxic organophosphorus (OP) insecticide. Its mechanism of action includes oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE). The aim of the present study is to investigate CPF toxicity in mature and immature cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), as well as its effect on glutamate induced excitotoxicity. MATERIALS AND...

The neural cell adhesion molecule L1 is critical for brain development and plays a role in learning and memory in the adult. Ethanol inhibits L1-mediated cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), and these actions might underlie the cerebellar dysmorphology of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. The peptide NAP potently blocks ethanol inhibition of L1 adhesion and ...

Proteins responsible for basal and stimulated endocytosis in nerves containing small clear synaptic vesicles (SCSVs) or large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) are revealed herein, using probes that exploit surface-exposed vesicle proteins as acceptors for internalization. Basal uptake of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) by both SCSV-releasing cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) and LDCV-enriched trigemin...

Voltage-gated Na(+) channel (VGSC) beta1 subunits regulate cell-cell adhesion and channel activity in vitro. We previously showed that beta1 promotes neurite outgrowth in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) via homophilic cell adhesion, fyn kinase, and contactin. Here we demonstrate that beta1-mediated neurite outgrowth requires Na(+) current (I(Na)) mediated by Na(v)1.6. In addition, beta1 is re...

objective: extracellular deposition of the beta-amyloid (aβ) peptide, which is the main finding in the pathophysiology of alzheimer’s disease (ad), leads to oxidative damage and apoptosis in neurons. melissa officinalis (m. officinalis) is a medicinal plant from the lamiaceae family that has neuroprotective activity. in the present study we have investigated the protective effect of the acidic ...

In this paper, we discuss the interplay between beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide, Tau fragments, oxidative stress, and mitochondria in the neuronal model of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) in which the molecular events reminiscent of AD are activated. The identification of the death route and the cause/effect relationships between the events leading to death could be helpful to manage the progressio...

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide and genetic risk factors play a role in nearly all such cases. In the UK, health service capacity to meet either current or future estimated needs of people affected by inherited cardiac conditions (ICCs) is inadequate. In 2008 the British Heart Foundation funded nine three-year Cardiac Genetics Nurse (CGN) posts across Eng...

IP/MPLS and Optical technologies are the foundations of current Carrier-Grade Networks (CGNs), due to both the flexibility of IP/MPLS to provide services with distinct requirements and the high transport capacity offered by new Optical technologies, such as Elastic Optical Networks (EONs). However, despite of the widespread adoption of these two technologies, interoperability issues still impac...

Reactive oxygen species are implicated in age-associated neurodegeneration, although direct in vivo evidence is lacking. We recently showed that mice with a mutation in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Peptidase 2-like (Immp2l) gene had elevated levels of mitochondrial superoxide, impaired fertility and age-associated phenotypes, including kyphosis and ataxia. Here we show that ataxia and cereb...

Apoptosis triggered by exogenous or endogenous stimuli is a crucial phenomenon to determine the fate of neurons, both in physiological and in pathological conditions. Our previous study established that gastric inhibitory polypeptide (Gip) is a neurotrophic factor capable of preventing apoptosis of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), during its pre-commitment phase. In the present study, we cond...