In this paper we begin by examining the “certification” of a consumer product, a baby walker, that is product-focused, i.e., the certification process requires the performance of precisely defined tests on the product with measurable outcomes. We then review current practices in software certification and contrast the software regime’s process-oriented approach to certification with the product...

IT security certification and IT security evaluation criteria have changed their character compared with the first efforts ca. 20 years ago. They have also gained more interest within civilian and commercial application areas. Therefore this paper compares them with earlier criticism and with the new challenges in IT security. After an introduction into the concept of security certification the...

MOC/MOL and Physician Consent to Certification Licensure was originally intended as a requirement to practice medicine. By contrast, certification was intended to be voluntary, signifying advanced training and life-time learning. But with MOC/MOL, voluntary certification is now becoming mandatory for licensure. I wonder if the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) has breached its origin...

Is There a Commercial Case Timber certification is not expected to provide for Tropical Timber significant commercial Certification? benefits to developing countries in the near future. Revenues from certification Panayotis N. Varangis are limited by the share of Rachel Crossley trade destined for "ecoCarlos A. Primo Braga sensitive" markets and by the size of the "green premium." The costs of ...

Symposium: Subspecialty certification: Current status of orthopaedic subspecialty certification. During the last twenty years, an increasing number of orthopaedic surgeons have chosen to subspecialize. As such, there has been an increased interest in subspecialty certification. In 1990, 44% of orthopaedic surgeons viewed themselves as general or-thopaedists and 21%, as specialists. Currently, t...