We aimed to assess the comparative efficacy and safety of second-generation basal insulins (glargine U300 degludec U100) vs. neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) first-generation U100 detemir) in type 1 diabetes (T1D) adults. PubMed, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, Google Scholar (until January 2021) were systematically searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with ≥ 12 weeks follow-up c...

In this paper we propose an almost optimal indirect adaptive controller for input/state dynamical systems. The control part of the adaptive scheme is based o n a modified L Q control law: by adding a time varying gain to the certainty equivalent control law we avoid the conflict between identification and control.

We investigate the problem of minimizing a certainty equivalent of the total or discounted cost over a finite and an infinite horizon which is generated by a Markov Decision Process (MDP). The certainty equivalent is defined by U−1(EU(Y )) where U is an increasing function. In contrast to a risk-neutral decision maker this optimization criterion takes the variability of the cost into account. I...

Costs and benefits in the distant future—such as those associated with global warming, long-lived infrastructure, hazardous and radioactive waste, and biodiversity—often have little value today when measured with conventional discount rates. We demonstrate that when the future path of this conventional rate is uncertain and persistent (i.e., highly correlated over time), the distant future shou...

the certainty assumption that is used in economic analysis, althouth is easier in analysis, may be but not logical because in most projects time is playing a key role. in this time horizon the amount of income and future costs affecting by factors that are not managable by investors and can not to be forecasted. therefore in practice usually there is a gap between forecased and real variables. ...

This research explores the possibility that changes in attitude certainty can affect general self-certainty and, thus, have consequences that extend beyond the attitude domain. Across two studies, attitude certainty is manipulated using repeated attitude expression and attitude consensus paradigms. The implications of these manipulations are tested for feelings of general self-uncertainty (Stud...

The purpose of this article is to apply theory and research on attitude certainty to the study of the self. Our main goal is to show that research on attitudes, and in particular attitude certainty, can provide useful insights into self-related phenomena. By considering research on attitudes, we may be able to re-interpret previous self-related findings, make new predictions regarding the self,...