dear editor: we would like to present a modified method for cerebrospinal fluid collection in anesthetized rat. this method is easy and applicable in many laboratories interested by research on cellular and molecular effects of csf on different pathways.

Cytokines released by immune system cells play an important role in cyst enlargement. This study aimed to determine, by ELISA, the levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 3 (IL-3), and IL-6 in fluid and tissue from human radicular cysts. GM-CSF was found in 42.8% of the fluid samples (164.3 pg/mL) and IL-6 in 92.8% (641.4 pg/mL). No IL-3 was detected in ...

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays an important role in the brain's adaptive response to acute osmotic disturbances. In the present experiments, the effect of 48-h dehydration on CSF formation and absorption rates was studied in conscious adult sheep. Animals had cannulas chronically implanted into the lateral cerebral ventricles and cisterna magna to enable the ventriculocisternal perfusion. A 48...

The brain ventricular system is composed of a highly conserved set of cavities that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a protein-rich fluid essential for brain function. However, little is known about the function of embryonic CSF (eCSF), or the mechanisms of CSF production, retention, and circulation that regulate brain ventricle shape and size. Here we present data that begins to dissect the ...

Meningitis is one of the most common infectious cerebral nervous system (CNS), defined as an inflammation of the meninges. It is clinically categorized into a chronic and acute based on the acuity of symptoms. Vomiting, bulging fontanel and fever are the main symptoms in the patients with meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is a severe, potentially life-threatening infection that is associated wit...

objective bacterial meningitis is still a life threatening epidemiological problem especially in many developing countries; considering its dire consequences, its prompt and accurate diagnosis has become a priority for clinicians. because of the various limitations of conventionally used laboratory techniques, we evaluated and compared the diagnostic utility of c-reactive protein(crp) and lacta...

evaluation of magnesium levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with febrile convulsion (fc) hospitalized in bahrami hospital in tehran in 2010-2011. in the past, decreased levels of magnesium in serum and csf of patients with fc were reported. the purpose of this study was to identify the possible role of magnesium in febrile seizures in children. identifying this condition, we may...

Hydrocephalus is a condition where an abnormal build-up of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fluid causes an increase in pressure in the ventricles or subarachnoid space of the brain. It can be caused by either the blockage of CSF flow (i.e. obstructive/non-communicating hydrocephalus) in the ventricular system or by inadequate re-absorption of CSF fluid (i.e. non-obstructive/communicating hydrocephalu...

Sphingolipids are important in many brain functions but their role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not completely defined. A major limit is availability of fresh brain tissue with defined AD pathology. The discovery that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains abundant nanoparticles that include synaptic vesicles and large dense core vesicles offer an accessible sample to study these organelles, whil...

Alzheimer Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. Increasing evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis is not restricted to the neuronal compartment, but includes strong interactions with immunological mechanisms in the brain. In vitro and animal studies have linked neuroinflammation to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Studies on marke...