We tested experimentally if photoautotrophic microorganisms are a carbon source for invertebrates in temperate soils. We exposed forest or arable soils to a (13)CO2-enriched atmosphere and quantified (13)C assimilation by three common animal groups: earthworms (Oligochaeta), springtails (Hexapoda) and slugs (Gastropoda). Endogeic earthworms (Allolobophora chlorotica) and hemiedaphic springtails...

Female and male reproductive traits co-evolve through pre- post-copulatory sexual selection conflict. Although males typically transfer many sperm during copulation, only a small proportion reach the fertilization site because females often actively or passively reduce number in their tract. Males may accessory substances to protect ejaculates against female selective processes, which benefits ...

based on specimens collected from east azerbaijan province during 2009-2012, five genera and nine species of the family scathophagidae are recognized. eight species including: cordilura rufipes (meigen, 1826), gimnomera montana ozerov et krivosheina, 2013, norellisoma spinimana (fallén, 1819), parallelomma albipes (fallén, 1819), scathophaga kaszabi (šifner, 1975), scathophaga lutaria (fabriciu...