Nosema ceranae, a microsporidium species, is among the most common causes of bee diseases. The positive effect Agaricus bisporus mushroom extract on survival and immunity Nosema-infected bees has been reported recently. could be achieved by stimulating expression immune-related genes, but also suppressing nosemosis. aim this work was to determine A. oxidative status infected with N. ceranae. In...

Varroa mite is the major threat to western honey bee, Apis mellifera, and cause of significant economic losses in apiculture industry. destructor feeds on brood adult bees being responsible for vectoring virus infections other diseases. This study analyses role associated pathogens, such as viruses or fungus Nosema ceranae, their relationships regarding viability bee colony. It has been carried...

Some microsporidian parasites belonging to the genus Nosema infect bees. Previous phylogenies of these parasites have produced alternative, conflicting relationships. We analyzed separately, and in combination, large and small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences of Nosema species infecting bees under neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian frameworks. We observed a sis...

nosemosis is the most common disease in adult bees. nosema apis and nosema ceranae species are agents of important economic losses to beekeepers around the world. the severity of disease at various area is different. previously, n. apis was observed in areas with a long winter, especially in late winter and early spring. but in recent years, disease has been reported in the warm seasons. the st...

Across the Northern hemisphere, managed honey bee colonies, Apis mellifera, are currently affected by abrupt depopulation during winter and many factors are suspected to be involved, either alone or in combination. Parasites and pathogens are considered as principal actors, in particular the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, associated viruses and the microsporidian Nosema ceranae. Here we ...

To clarify the mechanisms of Nosema ceranae parasitism, we deep-sequenced both honey bee host and parasite mRNAs throughout a complete 6-day infection cycle. By time-series analysis, 1122 parasite genes were significantly differently expressed during the reproduction cycle, clustering into 4 expression patterns. We found reactive mitochondrial oxygen species modulator 1 of the host to be signif...

Multiple infections of managed honeybee, Apis mellifera, colonies are inevitable due to the ubiquitous ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor and might be an underlying cause of winter losses. Here we investigated the role of adult small hive beetles, Aethina tumida, alone and in combination with V. destructor for winter losses and for infections with the microsporidian endoparasite Nosema cerana...

Pathogens and pollutants, such as pesticides, are potential stressors to all living organisms, including honey bees. Herbicides fungicides among the most prevalent pesticides in beehive matrices, their interaction with Nosema ceranae is not well understood. In this study, interactions between N. ceranae, herbicide glyphosate fungicide difenoconazole were studied under combined sequential overla...

Nosema ceranae is a new and emerging microsporidian parasite of European honey bees, Apis mellifera, that has been implicated in colony losses worldwide. RNA interference (RNAi), a posttranscriptional gene silencing mechanism, has emerged as a potent and specific strategy for controlling infections of parasites and pathogens in honey bees. While previous studies have focused on the silencing of...

Few areas of the world have western honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies that are free of invasive parasites Nosema ceranae (fungi) and Varroa destructor (mites). Particularly detrimental is V. destructor; in addition to feeding on host haemolymph, these mites are important vectors of several viruses that are further implicated as contributors to honey bee mortality around the world. Thus, the b...