Oncolytic viruses (OVs) remodel the tumor microenvironment by switching a “cold” into “hot” with high CD8+ T-cell infiltration. activity plays an essential role in antitumor efficacy of OVs. However, T cells is impaired programmed cell death protein-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) interaction. To date, it remains unclear why OVs alone have significant even when PD-L1 expression persist...

Background Less than 20% of melanoma patients respond to programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) blockade immunotherapies. Thus, it is crucial understand the dynamic changes in tumor microenvironment (TME) after PD-1 blockade, for developing immunotherapy efficacy. Methods A genomic analysis was conducted by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets and web platform TIMER2.0 datasets. Pathway enrichment p...

The immune response plays an important role in staving off cancer; however, mechanisms of immunosuppression hinder productive anti-tumor immunity. T cell dysfunction or exhaustion in tumor-bearing hosts is one such mechanism. PD-1 has been identified as a marker of exhausted T cells in chronic disease states, and blockade of PD-1-PD-1L interactions has been shown to partially restore T cell fun...

Lymphotoxin-alpha (LTalpha) was originally linked to delayed-type hypersensitivity and its production was later attributed to Th1, but not Th2 cells. Studies employing knockout mice demonstrated that LT signaling is essential for the development and functional compartmentalization of lymphoid tissues. Here, using gene expression profiling, we identified a novel gene termed SMUCKLER (spleen, muc...

background: multiple sclerosis (ms) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (cns) caused by autoreactive t cells against myelin antigens. t-cell immunoglobulin mucin -3 (tim-3) is a negative regulator glycoprotein expressed by a range of immune cells, including, th1 cells, activated cd8+ t cells and in a lower level on th17 cells. a defect in tim-3 regulation has been shown in mu...