the main purpose of the study is to examine the causal relationship between government revenues and expenditures of the jordan government over the period from 1990 to 2011 using granger causality and vecm tests methodology. which provides channels of causation between government revenues (gr) and government expenditures (ge).the empirical results show that bidirectional causality running betwee...

A unifying framework for the study of causal relations is presented. The causal relations are regarded as subset of M × M and the role of the corresponding antisymmetry conditions in the construction of the causal ladder is stressed. The causal hierarchy of spacetime is built from chronology up to K-causality and new characterizations of the distinction and strong causality properties are obtai...

Granger causality (GC) is one of the most popular measures to reveal causality influence of time series and has been widely applied in economics and neuroscience due to its simplicity and easy implementation. In this paper, we show that GC in time domain cannot correctly determine how strongly one time series influences the other when there is directional causality between two time series, that...

The usefulness of clinical research depends on an assessment of causality. This assessment determines what constitutes clinical evidence. Case reports are an example of evidence that is frequently overlooked because it is believed they cannot address causal links between treatment and outcomes. This may be a mistake. Clarity on the topic of causality and its assessment will be of benefit for re...

Barnett et al. in 2009 proved that Granger causality and transfer entropy causality measure are equivalent for time series which have a Gaussian distribution. Granger causality test is linear, while transfer entropy a non-linear test. Many biological and physical mechanisms show to have non-Gaussian distributions. In this paper we investigate under which conditions on probability density distri...

It has been observed in previous work that it is desirable to avoid causal violations in any execution or transformation of a parallel program. In this paper, we formalize the notion of causality in memory consistency models and code transformations. For memory models, we introduce a framework of causality graph that can be used to analyze if a particular memory model violates causality. We sho...

background: there has been a global rising trend in recent years in the incidence of multiple sclerosis (ms). despite being an ms low-risk region, this disease has also been recently on the rise in the middle east. as part of the middle east, iran has not been spared either; however, the cause of this dramatic increase remains to be discovered. the present study reviews possible reasons for thi...

Identifying dynamic causal relationships between financial time series may help explain market dynamics. The Granger causality (G-causality) test is a method to detect linear causal relationships between time series. However, there exists significant evidence for nonlinear causality between financial time series. Hence, several nonlinear extensions of G-causality (NLG-causality) were proposed. ...

background pulmonary tuberculosis (ptb) is one of the common diseases with high prevalence of mortality and morbidity in developing countries. various complications have been reported along with ptb. the subclinical electrolyte imbalances are customary in cases with ptb. objectives the aim of this study was the evaluation of patients with ptb and hyponatremia. patients and methods we evaluated ...

This paper indicates causality as the tool that unifies the analysis of both activations and connectivity of brain areas, obtained with fMRI data. Causality analysis is commonly applied to study connectivity, so this work focuses on demonstrating that also the detection of activations can be handled with a causality analysis. We test our method on finger tapping data, in which GLM and Granger C...