A wide variety of knowledge acquisition methods exist for conventional knowledge types such as production rule, semantic knowledge, etc. However, need for causal knowledge acquisition has not been stressed in the expert systems fields. The objectives of this paper are to (1) suggest a causal knowledge acquisition process and (2) investigate the causal knowledge-based inference process. FCM (Fuz...

This mini literature review discusses casual relationships between HIV and AIDS in view of Koch’s postulates. Keywords—AIDS, Causal Relationship, HIV, Koch’s Postulates.

Randomized trials are designed to eliminate systematic error (bias) when estimating the effect of an intervention (usually a treatment) through randomized allocation of patients to treatment with concealment of allocation. In an observational study, no disturbance of the process of care takes place and the outcome is merely ‘observed’ along with other relevant information, such as patients’ pre...

This paper investigates the simultaneous causal relationship between investments in information and communication technology (ICT) and flows of foreign direct investment (FDI), with reference to its implications on economic growth. For the empirical analysis we use data from 23 major countries with heterogeneous economic development for the period 1976–99. Our causality test results suggest tha...

Two patients with sarcoidosis and glomerular mesangial proliferative lesions are described. Although a causative relationship between sarcoidosis and glomerulonephritis has been suggested, critical review of the literature fails to confirm this.

Children learn causal relationships quickly and make far-reaching causal inferences from what they observe. Acquiring abstract causal principles that allow generalization across different causal relationships could support these abilities. We examine children’s ability to acquire abstract knowledge about the forms of causal relationships and show that in some cases they learn better than adults...

nationalism and modernism, and the relationship between them from the perspective of different scholars and schools of thought have always been a subject of debate. many scholars have concerned themselves with the concepts of ethnicity, nation, and nationalism and their relationship with modernism and modern age. the main controversy among scholars and schools of thought have centered on the is...

Abstract Personality is one of the ways to illustrate human’s characteristics which is usually related to some stable features and other hand Many research evidence regarding big five personal traits have been extended during the years. Current research presents a practical model for optimized selection of certified public accountants based on their personal traits. This study is of causal and ...

Background: Professional ethics has been considered by many Iranian organizations in the last decade. Because the roots of many behaviors and activities of managers and professors should be sought in ethics and moral values. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between professional ethics and individual accountability of professors with the mediating role o...

this paper reviews the relationship between inflation rate and minimum wage in iran’s economy over the 1969-2005. according to the economic literature, there is a narrow relationship between inflation rate and minimum wage. some economists believe in increased inflation due to minimum wage. the other group of economists considers the increased inflation as a cause for increasing minimum wage. t...